“
“Aims:\n\nTo detect and enumerate bifidobacteria in

faeces with a new quantitative multiplex real-time PCR (qPCR) method and to compare the results obtained with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods.\n\nMethods and Results:\n\nA multiplex qPCR assay was developed, which enabled the enumeration of Bifidobacterium spp. by targeting the Rabusertib bifidobacterial xylulose-5-phosphate/fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase gene (xfp) and total bacteria using universal Eub-primers targeting 16S rRNA gene from the domain bacteria. The qPCR assay showed high sensitivity and specificity and a low detection limit of about 2 center dot 5 x 103 bifidobacterial cells

per gram of faeces. The qPCR results were compared with FISH combined with microscopy or flow cytometry (FCM). No statistical differences among bifidobacterial counts averages measured in adult faeces with the three methods were observed. Total bacterial count averages were higher with the FISH method coupled with microscopic analyses compared to FISH with FCM, whereas total cell numbers estimated by qPCR were intermediate between the two FISH methods.\n\nConclusions:\n\nThe new qPCR assay was shown to be sensitive, rapid and accurate for enumerating bifidobacteria in faeces.\n\nSignificance and Impact of the Study:\n\nThis method is a valuable alternative AZD3965 for other molecular methods for detecting faecal bifidobacteria, especially when their counts are below the detection limit of the FISH methods.”
“In the title ion-pair complex, (C(10)H(10)NO)(2)[Ni(C(4)N(2)S(2))(2)]center dot 2H(2)O, the anion has crystallographically imposed centre of symmetry. The Ni(II) atom exhibits a slightly distorted square-planar coordination geometry. In the crystal, the water molecule links anions and cations

into a three-dimensional network via O-H center dot center dot center dot N, O-H center dot center dot center dot S and O-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds. The structure is further stabilized by weak S center Bcl-2 cancer dot center dot center dot pi contacts [S center dot center dot center dot centroid = 3.8047 (9) angstrom] and pi-pi stacking interactions [centriod-centroid distance = 3.8653 (7) angstrom].”
“We investigated the relative contributions of the environment and development stage on total polyphenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins contents, as well as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide scavenging activities in four Tunisian Mentha pulegium. Shoot total phenolics and antioxidant capacities were significantly dependent on environment, development stage and their interaction.

Power spectra in five frequency bands were calculated using Fourier transformation. Spectral edge frequency 90 (SEF90) was defined as the frequency below which 90% of the power in the EEG was located. The piglets were divided into two groups; Group 1 represented piglets with

some EEG recovery and Group 2 represented piglets without any EEG recovery.\n\nRESULTS: The recovery of the EEG in Group 1 had the same time course in all frequency bands. SEF90 indicates recovery earlier than the value of total power. But SEF90 also signals activity selleck chemicals llc in the EEGs that were almost completely suppressed. When SEF90 was calculated during periods of periodic EEG activity during the very early phase of recovery, the values fell within the same range as during the control period.\n\nCONCLUSION: Spectral analysis of continuous EEG in newborn piglets exposed to very severe hypoxia showed that no specific frequency band of the EEG preceded the other ones during recovery. The results of the SEF90 measure, demonstrates the need for critical analysis of the raw EEG before any reliable estimation of cerebral function can be made.”
“In this paper

we have attempted to clarify the taxonomy and nomenclature of thirteen taxa of the genus Cortinarius subgenus Telamonia (sections Hydrocybe, Fraternii) well represented in the Southwestern Mediterranean area of Europe (C. atrocoeruleus, C. bombycinus, C casimiri, C. contrarius, Bafilomycin A1 supplier C. decipiens, C. fraternus, C. gallurae, C. hoffmannii, C. petroselineus, C. sertipes, C. subturibulosus, C. urdaibaiensis and C. vernus). To this end we have performed a combined study of morphological and molecular data (rDNA ITS sequences). The morphological analysis was carried out on 114 collections and the molecular analysis involved 31 of the 114 collections, including 11 type collections (types for C. casimiri and C. fraternus were not available). in addition, a study of spores under field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM)

was conducted. The results of the combined analysis allowed us to asign the studied material to five species (C. casimiri s.l., C. decipiens s.l., C. gallurae, C. subturibulosus s.l. and QNZ order C. vernus s.l.). Thus, all collections from more continental areas, which were originally identified as six different taxa (C. atrocoeruleus, C. contrarius, C. decipiens, C. fraternus, C. sertipes, C. flexipes fo. sertipes) corresponded to C. decipiens sensu lato, a widely distributed, genetically and morphologically variable species. Cortinarius casimiri is also found in such habitats, but it is confirmed as distinct taxon. Collections from Mediterranean sclerophyllous communities correspond to C. gallurae, C. Vernus sensu lato and C. subturibulosus sensu lato. Due to close phylogenetic relationships we propose the new combinations C. casimiri var. hoffmannii (=C. decipiens var. hoffmannii non C. hoffmannii) and C. subturibulosus var. bombycinus (=C.

In conclusion, the proteomic examination of the CD4+ T-LC revealed some differentially expressed proteins in the uncontrolled and controlled asthmatic patients. The possibility of using the differentially expressed proteins as important biomarkers and therapeutic targets warrants further study.”
“Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is very rare in the pediatric population. We report the case of

a 2-year-old female with CML and concurrent myelodysplastic syndrome www.selleckchem.com/products/Adrucil(Fluorouracil).html (MDS) associated cytogenetic abnormalities. The co-existence of t(9;22) and chromosomal deletions that are associated with MDS poses a unique diagnostic challenge. Given the reported association of t(9;22) and genomic instability, we hypothesize that the chromosomal deletions represent clonal evolution of the CML. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:E146-E148. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“p53 is one of the most important tumor suppressor genes that is frequently mutated in human cancers.

Generally, p53 functions as a transcription factor that is stabilized and activated by various genotoxic and cellular stress signals, such as DNA damage, hypoxia, oncogene activation and nutrient deprivation, consequently leading to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence selleck chemicals llc and metabolic adaptation. p53 not only becomes functionally deficient in most cancers, but not infrequently mutant p53 also acquires dominant negative activity and oncogenic properties. p53 has remained an attractive target for cancer therapy. Strategies targeting p53 have been developed including gene therapy to restore p53 function, inhibition of p53-MDM2 interaction, restoration of mutant p53 to wild-type p53, targeting p53 family proteins, eliminating mutant p53, as well as p53-based vaccines. Some of these p53-targeted therapies have entered clinical trials.

We discuss the therapeutic potential of p53, with particular focus on the therapeutic Selleckchem VX-689 strategies to rescue p53 inactivation in human cancers. In addition, we discuss the challenges of p53-targeted therapy and new opportunities for the future.”
“ObjectivesThe objective was to determine the causes of and mitigating factors for conflict between emergency physicians and other colleagues during consultations.\n\nMethodsFrom March to September 2010, a total of 61 physicians (31 residents and 30 attendings from emergency medicine [EM], internal medicine, and general surgery) were interviewed about how junior learners should be taught about emergency department (ED) consultations. During these interviews, they were asked if and how conflict manifests during the ED consultation process. Two investigators reviewed the transcripts independently to generate themes related to conflict until saturation was reached. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. The trustworthiness of the analysis was ensured by generating an audit trail, which was subsequently audited by an investigator not involved with the initial analysis.

11 [0.01-0.87] and 0.43 [0.18-0.99], respectively).\n\nConclusion: Despite its many advantages seen in other settings, the AWS did not show superior efficacy to the

MLS in relation to time required for intubation, ultimate or first attempt success rate, or difficulty level of intubation in the prehospital setting. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Wild marigold (Tagetes minuta L.) is grown over a wider range of climatic conditions starting from 3000 to 11000 feet of altitude in the north and Northwestern parts of Pakistan. The plant yield strongly aromatic essential oils and other compounds, reported to be of great medicinal importance. The information regarding biological and biochemical

activities of the compounds present in Tagetes grown in Northern parts of Pakistan is unknown. In current study Navitoclax supplier our main goal was to carry out bioassays of bioactive extracts from the seeds of Tagetes naturally growing in north of Pakistan. The essential oils from the seeds were extracted using solvent extraction method and the crude fractions were prepared for biological (malaricidal, phytotoxic and insecticidal) activities. The crude fractions in n-hexane and ether of T. minuta were applied on Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, Lemna minor and three species of common grain pests of fungus namely Tribolium castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica, Callosobruchus analis. The n-hexane fraction showed significantly better results tahn ether-fraction for anti-malarial activity. Both fractions showed low or no phytotoxic GW786034 activity but n-hexane fraction was effective at the concentration of 1000 mu g/ml. Insecticidal activity (similar to 70%) was observed for both n-hexane and ether fractions against common grain pests especially for Rhyzopertha dominica. The present information may provide foundation for further study and improvement of wild Tagetes for extraction

of more valuable compounds, decreasing the cost incurred nationally on the treatment of malaria and chemical control of insects and adding to national income by exporting the plant or its products. These results provided the first preliminary findings of anti-malarial activity of the seed extract of T. minuta. The findings would be useful in promoting research aiming at the development of new drugs against mosquitoes based click here on the use of bioactive chemical compounds present in this wild plant of Northern Pakistan.”
“Objective: Pain and deficits in somatosensory processing seem to play a relevant role in cerebral palsy (CP). Rehabilitation techniques based on neuroplasticity mechanisms many induce powerful changes in the organization of the primary somatosensory cortex and have been proved to reduce levels of pain and discomfort in neurological pathologies. However, little is known about the efficacy of such interventions for pain sensitivity in CP individuals.

Expression of KITENIN was significantly associated with lymphovascular invasion, depth of invasion, Bucladesine ic50 lymph node metastasis, tumor stage and poor survival. These results indicate that KITENIN is associated with human colorectal cancer progression including invasion and metastasis.”
“Background and purpose: Distant metastases are the dominant mode of failure after stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The primary

study objective was to evaluate if the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) on pre-treatment FDG-PET/CT predicted clinical outcomes. Secondary objectives were to correlate 3-month post-SBRT SUVmax and change in SUVmax with outcomes.\n\nMaterials and methods: Consecutive patients with medically inoperable early-stage NSCLG and an FDG-PET/CT scan before (n = 82) and 3 months after (n = 62) SBRT.\n\nResults: Median follow up was 2 years. On univariate analysis baseline SUVmax predicted for distant failure (p = 0.0096), relapse free survival (RFS) (p = 0.037) and local failure (p = 0.044). On multivariate analysis baseline SUVmax predicted for RFS (p = 0.037). Baseline SUVmax of above

5 was the most statistically significant cut off point for predicting distant failure (p = 0.0002). Baseline GSI-IX concentration SUVmax >= 4.75 (median) was correlated with a higher risk of distant failure (p = 0.012) and poorer RFS (p = 0.04). Patients with a post-SBRT SUVmax >= 2 and a reduction of <2.55 had a significantly higher rate of distant failure.\n\nConclusions: Pre-SBRT SUVmax on FDG-PET/CT correlated most strongly with distant failure. A cut off of >= 5 was the most significant. Post-SBRT SUVmax >= 2 and STA-9090 a reduction of <2.55 were associated with a higher risk of distant failure. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Radiotherapy and Oncology

104 (2012) 62-66″
“Primary pulmonary leiomyosarcoma (PPL) is an extremely rare malignant tumor. In the case presented here, a 52-year-old Chinese female with a lung mass underwent a right upper-middle lobectomy with pulmonary artery sleeve resection and reconstruction, and was thereafter diagnosed with PPL. After 28 months, the patient was well and without local recurrence or distant metastasis. Copyright (C) 2013 Elsevier Taiwan LLC and the Chinese Medical Association. All rights reserved.”
“This paper aims at describing the population ecology of the swimming crab Callinectes danae Smith, 1869 in one of the most productive estuaries of Brazil, the Santa Cruz Channel. These crabs were monthly collected from January to December/2009 at four stations along the channel, two in the upper and two in the lower estuary. A total of 2373 specimens of C. danae were collected during the study. Males had a larger average carapace width than non-ovigerous females (60.0 +/- 15.6 mm and 52.9 +/- 12.4 mm, respectively), an adaptation that gives greater protection for females during the copulation.

The survey indicates that the Chief Nursing Officer review has stimulated some activity in all organisations who responded. Eleven of the recommendations were ranked similarly by trusts and higher education institutions. There were statistically significant differences between trusts and higher education institution priorities

in four areas, inpatient care, evidence-based interventions, multidisciplinary team working and recruitment and retention.\n\nConclusions.\n\nThe findings of the survey demonstrate that all organisations have made some progress in the implementation of the Chief Nursing Officer recommendations. Trusts and higher education institutions broadly agree on the importance of each of the Chief Nursing Officer recommendations, with

AZD9291 in vitro the exception of four items. A range of factors was identified by respondents that were perceived as facilitators and barriers to the implementation learn more of the Chief Nursing Officer review.\n\nRelevance to clinical practice.\n\nThis article contains findings that are highly relevant for current and future clinical practice in mental health. Despite some progress, clear differences between higher education institutions and trusts are apparent. It is important that these differing perspectives are acknowledged and resolved to improve healthcare provision. Both trusts and higher education institutions reported difficulty with engaging service users and carers. VX-680 Cell Cycle inhibitor A range of factors are identified that act as facilitators and barriers to the implementation of healthcare policy.”
“Objective: The aim of the study was to carry out a national survey in order to assess young people’s recognition and beliefs about treatment for depression, anxiety disorders and schizophrenia/psychosis.\n\nMethod: In 2011, telephone interviews were carried out with 3021 Australians aged between 15 and 25 years. Participants were presented with a case vignette describing either depression, depression with suicidal thoughts, depression with alcohol misuse, psychosis/schizophrenia, social phobia or post-traumatic

stress disorder (PTSD). Questions were asked about what was wrong with the person, help-seeking intentions and the likely helpfulness of a broad range of interventions.\n\nResults: Rates of recognition of depression were relatively high, with almost 75% of respondents using the correct label. Rates of recognition for the psychosis (schizophrenia) and PTSD vignettes were similar, with around one third of respondents using the correct labels. Only 3% of respondents were able to correctly label social phobia. Intentions to seek help were highest for depression with suicidal thoughts and lowest for social phobia, with family members nominated the most likely sources of help across all vignettes.\n\nConclusions: Most young people believe in the importance of seeking professional help and they have good recognition of depression.

2 +/- 14.1 vs. 53.4 +/- 10.9% mBq/cell after 30 min (P<0.05)]. Sixty percent of tracer accumulated in the cytosol, and, although total cellular retention increased during hypoxia, there was no enrichment in any particular cellular compartment.Conclusion This apparatus allows the conduction of radiotracer uptake studies in cells under complete atmospheric control, as evidenced by our first demonstration of the hypoxia-dependent uptake of Cu-64-ATSM in ventricular myocytes. It is ideally suited for screening, validating and characterizing

TH-302 in vivo novel hypoxia-selective radiotracers.”
“We determined the temporal and spatial localization of the phytoalexin avenanthramide A, and its biosynthetic enzyme, hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: hydroxyanthranilate N-hydroxy-cinnamoyltransferase (AsHHT) in oat leaves infected with the crown rust fungus. Accumulation of avenanthramide A and AsHHT was first observed predominantly in hypersensitive response (HR) cells at 36 h post inoculation (hpi), and later in adjacent cells at 48 hpi. At 120 hpi, avenanthramide A was

detected in a wider area of infected tissues, but AsHHT-positive signals were only observed in the HR and adjacent cells, suggesting that avenanthramide A was synthesized around the HR cells, and then transported to other parts of the infected tissues in a center-to-periphery manner. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aim: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be an important health problem in Serbia, as a country with numerous socioeconomic problems. Health care CP 868596 workers, especially medical Androgen Receptor Antagonist and dental students could be key persons to engage in prevention of TB.\n\nThe aim of our study was to compare the knowledge level and awareness of TB among medical and dental students.\n\nMethods: Cross-sectional study was conducted at the School of Medicine and the School of Dentistry, University of Belgrade, Serbia. A sample of 350 students was selected by stratified sampling. Data about knowledge

and awareness of TB was collected through the anonymous (self-administered) questionnaire.\n\nResults: 300 questionnaires were returned; response rate was 85.7%. Medical students gave significantly higher correct responses about modes of transmission of TB (p<0.001). Significantly higher proportion of medical students (p=0.003) knew that age above 65 years is risk period of life for getting TB, but only 6.5% of them noted that the age of puberty is the risk period too. High proportion of both groups agreed that alcoholism and AIDS are the conditions, which can increase risk for getting TB. Medical students have better knowledge about therapy of TB, but there were no differences concerning questions about diagnosis.\n\nConclusion: In spite of valid basic awareness of TB, there were some gaps in the knowledge, more frequently among dental then medical students. This study suggests that students need more training and more practice.

Chitosan was successfully plasticized by thermomechanical mixing in the presence of concentrated

lactic acid and glycerol using a batch mixer. Different plasticization formulations were compared in this study, in which concentrated lactic acid was used as protonation agent as well as plasticizer. The microstructure of thermomechanically plasticized chitosan was investigated IPI-145 ic106 by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy. With increasing amount of additional plasticizers (glycerol or water), the crystallinity of the plasticized chitosan decreased from 63.7% for the original chitosan powder to almost zero for the sample plasticized with additional water. Salt linkage between lactic acid molecules and amino side chains of chitosan was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy: the lactic acid molecules expanded the space between the chitosan molecules of the crystalline phase. In the presence of other plasticizers

(glycerol and water), various levels of structural units GSK1838705A solubility dmso including an amorphous phase, nanofibrils, nanofibril clusters, and microfibers were produced under mechanical shear and thermal energy and identified for the first time. The thermal and thermomechanical properties of the plasticized chitosan were measured by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetric, and DMA. These properties were correlated with the different levels of microstructure, including multiple structural units.”
“Upper-limb movements are often composed of regular submovements, and neural correlates of submovement frequencies between 1 and 4 Hz have been found in the motor cortex. The temporal profile of movements

is usually assumed to www.selleckchem.com/products/mcc950-sodium-salt.html be determined by extrinsic factors such as limb biomechanics and feedback delays, but another possibility is that an intrinsic rhythmicity contributes to low frequencies in behavior. We used multielectrode recordings in monkeys performing an isometric movement task to reveal cyclic activity in primary motor cortex locked to submovements, and a distinct oscillation in premotor cortex. During ketamine sedation and natural sleep, cortical activity traversed similar cycles and became synchronized across areas. Because the same cortical dynamics are coupled to submovements and also observed in the absence of behavior, we conclude that the motor networks controlling the upper limb exhibit an intrinsic periodicity at submovement frequencies that is reflected in the speed profile of movements.”
“Life-course epidemiology seeks to better understand the mechanisms that lead to the development of chronic diseases. An example is the mechanism leading from body size to coronary heart disease (CHD); one way to acquire a better understanding of this mechanism is to investigate to what extent it works through other risk factors.

5-32) and those who received more than 0.01 Gy had a risk of 6.9 (0.5-99). This study suggests that radiation therapy of skin hemangioma increases the risk of further melanoma, but we were not able to evidence a relation with the local dose. Nevertheless, childhood treated for hemangioma should be considered at risk for developing melanoma and suspicious pigmented lesions should be carefully evaluated even far from treated areas. Melanoma Res 22: 77-85 (C) 2012 Wolters selleck chemical Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Gout inflammation is on acute and self-resolving reaction.\n\nMSU crystals

con stimulate cells through either crystal-cell membrane interaction or after their phagocytosis.\n\nThe onset of gout inflammation relies on non-hematopoietic resident cells whereas the amplification of the reaction is driven by phagocytic cells of immune innate system.\n\nInterleukin-1p (IL-1 beta) and polynuclear neutrophils play central role in gout inflammation.\n\nIn vitro, MSU crystal-induced IL-1 beta secretion is secondary mainly to NLRP3. inflammasome activation although numerous proteases are also involved. Mechanisms of NLRP3 EX 527 cell line in inflammasome activation remain unclear involving mostly reactive oxygen species production.\n\nGout resolution involves several mechanisms including monocyte differentiation into macrophage, clearance of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages,

production of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-beta) and modification of protein coating on MSU crystal surface.”
“The title compound, [Cd(C8H4O5)(H2O)(3)](n), a one-dimensional chain complex of 5-hydroxyisophthalate with Cd-II, was prepared by a hydrothermal reaction. The Cd-II ion is coordinated by three water O atoms and three carboxylate O atoms of two different 5-hydroxyisophthalate ligands, which act as bidentate and monodentate ligands. The crystal structure is stabilized by O-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds.”
“Background: Previous studies have shown that hamstring lengths are often not short in patients with cerebral palsy, which raises concerns over GANT61 datasheet the benefits of distal hamstring lengthening in patients with crouch gait. In

this study, the authors measured lengths of hamstrings and psoas muscles in normal subjects mimicking crouch gait and compared these with lengths in cerebral palsy patients with crouch gait.\n\nMethods: Thirty-six patients with cerebral palsy and crouch gait were included in this study, and in addition, 36 age-and sex-matched normal controls were recruited. Hamstring and psoas muscle lengths in patients were evaluated using gait analysis and interactive musculoskeletal modeling software. Muscle lengths were also measured in the normal control group during normal gait and while mimicking crouch gait, and these were compared with those of cerebral palsy patient with crouch gait.\n\nResults: No significant differences were observed between maximum hamstring (p=0.810) and maximum psoas (p=0.

Circular dichroism analyses indicated that both glycines contributed to bovicin HJ50 structural changes

in the membrane. Biotin-labeled bovicin HJ50 could interact with the N-terminal sensor of BovK, and several charged residues and a conserved hydrophobic region in the N-terminal portion of BovK sensor domain were important for interacting with the signal bovicin HJ50. By combining the results, we suggested a mechanism of bovicin HJ50 recognizing and activating BovK mainly through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions.”
“Innate immune receptors for pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs) orchestrate inflammatory responses to infection and injury. Secreted by activated immune cells or passively released by damaged cells, HMGB1 is subjected selleck products to redox modification that distinctly influences its extracellular functions. Previously, it was unknown how the TLR4 signalosome distinguished between HMGB1 isoforms. Here we demonstrate that the extracellular TLR4 adaptor, phosphatase inhibitor library myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2), binds specifically to the cytokine-inducing disulfide isoform of HMGB1, to the exclusion of other isoforms. Using MD-2-deficient mice, as well as MD-2 silencing in macrophages, we show a requirement for HMGB1-dependent TLR4 signaling. By screening HMGB1 peptide libraries, we identified a tetramer (FSSE, designated P5779) as a specific MD-2 antagonist preventing

MD-2-HMGB1 interaction and TLR4 signaling. P5779 does

not interfere with lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine/chemokine production, thus preserving PAMP-mediated TLR4-MD-2 responses. HCS assay Furthermore, P5779 can protect mice against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury, chemical toxicity, and sepsis. These findings reveal a novel mechanism by which innate systems selectively recognize specific HMGB1 isoforms. The results may direct toward strategies aimed at attenuating DAMP-mediated inflammation while preserving antimicrobial immune responsiveness.”
“Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of myriad human disorders, including several neurological diseases. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) and fluorine nanoemulsion (19F) are characterized by low toxicity and good sensitivity, and, as such, are among the most frequently used cell-labeling agents. However, to date, their impact across the various populations of MSCs has not been comprehensively investigated. Thus, the impact of MRI tags (independent variable) has been set as a primary endpoint. The various populations of mouse MSCs in which the effect of tag was investigated consisted of (1) tissue of cell origin: bone marrow vs. adipose tissue; (2) age of donor: young vs. old; (3) cell culture conditions: hypoxic vs. normal vs. normal + ascorbic acid (AA); (4) exposure to acidosis: yes vs. no.