Using a non-invasive method does not diminish the selective efficiency. In women, Silmitasertib in particular, adding a haemocytometric test on a venous sample significantly improves donor selection and avoids the risk of inappropriate donation or blood-letting.”
“Experimental measurements

of biochemical noise have primarily focused on sources of noise at the gene expression level due to limitations of existing noise decomposition techniques. Here, we introduce a mathematical framework that extends classical extrinsic-intrinsic noise analysis and enables mapping of noise within upstream signaling networks free of such restrictions. The framework applies to systems for which the responses of interest are linearly correlated on average, although the framework can be easily generalized to the nonlinear case. Interestingly, despite the high degree of complexity and nonlinearity of most mammalian signaling networks, three distinct tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling network branches displayed linearly correlated responses, in both wild-type and perturbed versions of the network, across multiple orders of magnitude of ligand concentration. Using the noise mapping analysis, we find that the c-Jun N-terminal

kinase (JNK) pathway generates higher noise than the NF-kappa B pathway, whereas the activation of c-Jun adds a greater amount of noise than the activation of ATF-2. In addition, we find that the A20 protein can suppress noise in the activation this website of ATF-2 by separately inhibiting the TNF receptor complex and JNK pathway through a negative feedback mechanism. These results, easily scalable to larger and more complex networks, pave the way toward assessing how noise propagates through cellular signaling pathways and create a foundation on which we can further investigate the relationship between signaling system architecture and biological noise.”
“While some representatives of the animal kingdom were improving their biological mechanisms and properties for adapting to ever-changing life conditions, the genus Homo was developing backward: human individuals

were losing their adaptation to life areas conquered earlier. Losing step-by-step their useful traits including the body hair cover, the primitive genus Homo retained his viability only under very favorable conditions of the equatorial Africa. Protection FDA-approved Drug Library from UV radiation danger was provided only by pigmentation of skin, hair, and eyes. However, “impoverished” individuals of this genus gained the ability to walk upright. Their hands became free from participation in movement and became fine tools for producing useful instruments, from the stone knife to the computer. The major consequence of upright movement and hand development became the powerful development of the brain. A modern human, Homo sapiens, appeared capable of conquering very diverse new habitats. The human’s expansion on the Earth occurred somewhat limited by his dependence on vitamin D.

09 in patients without LTO (p smaller than 0.001). In addition, the mean CD8(+) T-cell count was significantly different between the two groups: 30 per 0.025 cm(2) (range 2-60) in the LTO group and 140 per 0.025 cm(2) (range 23-314) in the patients without LTO (p smaller than 0.01). Conclusion: This study shows that

patients who develop LTO after a local intervention have a higher M2/total TAM ratio and lower CD8(+) cell count at diagnosis compared to patients who did not develop this outgrowth. We propose that the M2/total TAM ratio and FG-4592 clinical trial the CD8(+) T-cell amount are potential tools to predict which MPM patients are prone to develop LTO. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an excess burden of cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD). CV risk scores for the general population may not accurately predict CV risk for patients with RA. A population-based inception cohort of patients who fulfilled 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA from 1988 to 2007 was followed until death, migration, or December 31, 2008. CV risk factors and CVD (myocardial infarction, CV Rocilinostat death, angina, stroke, intermittent claudication, and heart failure) were ascertained by medical record review. Ten-year predicted CVD risk was calculated using the general Framingham and the Reynolds risk scores. Standardized incidence ratios were calculated to compare

observed and predicted CVD risks. The study included 525 patients with RA aged >= 30 years without previous CVD. The mean follow-up period was 8.4 years, during which 84 patients developed CVD. The observed CVD risk was 2-fold higher than the Framingham risk score predicted in women and 65% higher in men, and the Reynolds risk score revealed similar deficits. Patients aged >= 75 years had observed CVD risk >3 times the Framingham-predicted risk. Patients with AZD2171 research buy positive rheumatoid factor or persistently elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates also experienced more CVD events than predicted. In conclusion, the Framingham and Reynolds risk scores substantially underestimated CVD risk in patients with RA of both genders, especially in older ages and in patients

with positive rheumatoid factor. These data underscore the need for more accurate tools to predict CVD risk in patients with RA. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. (Am J Cardiol 2012;110:420-424)”
“BACKGROUND: Two decades after the introduction of Swedish legislation that allows children born as a result of gamete donation access to identifying information about the donor, a nationwide multicentre study on the psychosocial consequences of this legislation for recipients and donors of gametes was initiated in 2005. The aim of the present study was to investigate recipient couples’ attitudes and behaviour regarding disclosure to offspring and others, attitudes towards genetic parenthood and perceptions of information regarding parenthood after donation.

Epidemiological evidence suggests CA3 molecular weight that a higher flavonoid intake is associated with low cancer risk. Accumulating data clearly indicate that the induction of apoptosis is an important component in

the chemoprevention of cancer by naturally occurring dietary agents. Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol, demonstrates pleiotropic health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiaging, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective activities. Because of these properties and their wide distribution throughout the plant kingdom, resveratrol is envisioned as a potential chemopreventive/curative agent. Currently, a number of preclinical findings from our lab and elsewhere suggest resveratrol to be a promising natural weapon in the war against cancer. Remarkable progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer properties of selleck chemicals llc resveratrol has been achieved. Here, we focus on some of the myriad pathways that resveratrol targets to exert its chemopreventive role and advocate that resveratrol holds tremendous potential as an efficient anticancer drug of the future.”
“COV2HTML is an interactive web interface, which is addressed to biologists,

and allows performing both coverage visualization and analysis of NGS alignments performed on prokaryotic organisms (bacteria and phages). It combines two processes: a tool that converts the huge NGS mapping or coverage files into light specific coverage files containing information on genetic elements; and a visualization interface allowing a real-time analysis of data with optional integration of statistical

results. To demonstrate the scope of COV2HTML, the program was tested with data from two published studies. The first data were from RNA-seq analysis of Campylobacter jejuni, based on comparison of two conditions with two replicates. We were able to recover 26 out of 27 genes highlighted in the publication using COV2HTML. The second data comprised www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-809.html of stranded TSS and RNA-seq data sets on the Archaea Sulfolobus solfataricus. COV2HTML was able to highlight most of the TSSs from the article and allows biologists to visualize both TSS and RNA-seq on the same screen. The strength of the COV2HTML interface is making possible NGS data analysis without software installation, login, or a long training period. A web version is accessible at https://mmonot.eu/COV2HTML/. This website is free and open to users without any login requirement.”
“Clinical studies suggest that smoking is a risk factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease, including diabetic nephropathy. The mechanisms involved are not completely understood. We have previously demonstrated that nicotine, one of the compounds present in large amounts in tobacco, promotes mesangial cell proliferation and fibronectin production.

We demonstrated, by all methods used, that both mutant proteins reduced SRY DNA binding activity. The three-dimensional structure of SRY suggested that besides the HMG box, the carboxy-terminal

region of SRY interacts with DNA.\n\nIn conclusion, we identified two SRY mutations and a polymorphism in two patients with 46,XY complete PGD, demonstrating the importance of the carboxy-terminal region of SRY in DNA AZ 628 price binding activity. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Lymphangioma usually occurs in children and usually involves the skin. Mesenteric lymphangioma is extremely rare in adults. Typically, lymphangioma appears on computed tomography (CT) as a lower attenuation of a cystic mass, however, some cases appear to be a solid mass. We describe the CT and 18F-FDG positron emission tomography/CT appearance in a case of jejunal and mesenteric cavernous lymphangiomatosis mimicking metastasis in an adult patient with rectal cancer. see more (c) 2009 The WJG Press and Baishideng. All rights reserved.”
“Details of the modern history of paediatric surgery in the United Kingdom with particular emphasis on the 3 main training centres in England in the 1960s to 1970s are discussed. The genesis of the National Health

Service and of the British Association of Paediatric Surgeons and their influence on the establishment and siting of regional centres, education and training, and centralization of rare conditions is highlighted. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Erythrocytes evolved to carry out

the crucial function of transportation of oxygen from lungs to various tissues in the body and to carry back carbon dioxide. Absence of a nucleus in erythrocytes facilitates their easy movement in blood capillaries and make space for large quantities of haemoglobin, the oxygen carrier molecule, but renders the cells ill equipped to effectively repair themselves from oxidative and other https://www.selleckchem.com/products/blebbistatin.html damages. Turnover rate of erythrocytes is fast and the average life span of murine erythrocytes in blood is only 50 days. What age related changes occur in circulating erythrocytes and which of these changes are crucial determining factors in triggering the destruction of old erythrocytes, are not well understood. The main reason for a lack of information in this area is the fact that there were not available any good and easy to perform technique to identify circulating erythrocytes of different age groups. We have recently developed a technique that involved in vivo biotinylation of erythrocytes in two steps that has allowed us for the first time to objectively assess age-related changes in blood erythrocytes. We have utilized this technique to study various aspects of aging of murine erythrocytes. On the basis of these results, our current thinking about the process of erythrocyte aging in vivo is summarized in the this article.

\n\nThe present findings (i) confirm earlier observations with [C-11]PK11195 as a potential glia marker in PET studies and (ii) support the working hypothesis that [C-11]vinpocetine is a potentially useful PET marker of regional and global brain damage resulting in glia accumulation locally or globally in the human brain. The comparative analysis of the two ligands indicate that [C-11]vinpocetine shows Lazertinib a number of characteristics favourable in comparison with [C-11]PK11195. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: To investigate

the clinicopathological significance of androgen receptor (AR) expression in primary breast cancers.\n\nPatients and methods:

We evaluated AR using immunohistochemistry from 413 whole sections from January 2008 to March 2009 and analyzed the relationship between AR and clinicopathological parameters. Tumors with >= 10% nuclear-stained cells were considered to be positive for AR. The differences among variables were calculated by chisquare test.\n\nResults: The expression rate of AR was 72.9% higher than those of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors. AR expression was significant in patients with no elevated preoperative serum cancer antigen 15-3 levels, smaller tumor size, lower histologic grade and hormone receptor-positive and non-triple-negative breast cancer. However, AR expression was observed in 35% of triple-negative cancers. Metaplastic, medullary and mucinous types of carcinomas showed less AR expression. In the ER-negative BI 6727 concentration subgroup, AR was significantly correlated with human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 OSI-744 research buy (HER-2) overexpression.\n\nConclusions: AR is expressed in a significant number of breast cancers and is associated with lower tumor burden and favorable differentiation. There are many issues to be further investigated such as whether AR is an independent prognostic

factor, whether it is a therapeutic target for the triple-negative breast cancers and whether it is associated with HER-2 signaling in ER-negative tumors.”
“Background/Aims: Levodopa and dopamine agonists have different effects on the motor, cognitive, and psychiatric aspects of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods: Using a computational model of basal ganglia (BG) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) dopamine, we provide a theoretical synthesis of the dissociable effects of these dopaminergic medications on brain and cognition. Our model incorporates the findings that levodopa is converted by dopamine cells into dopamine, and thus activates prefrontal and striatal D 1 and D 2 dopamine receptors, whereas antiparkinsonian dopamine agonists directly stimulate D 2 receptors in the BG and PFC (although some have weak affinity to D 1 receptors).

0.45 days, 95% confidence interval -0.62 to -0.28 v -0.35, -0.52 to -0.19) or during post-implementation\n\nmonths 1-12 (-0.59, -0.80 to -0.37 v -0.42, -0.59 to -0.25) and 13-22 (-0.67, -0.91 to -0.43 v -0.54, -0.72\n\nto -0.37).\n\nConclusions Implementation of the Keystone ICU project was associated with a significant decrease in hospital\n\nmortality in Michigan compared with this website the surroundingarea. The project was not, however, sufficiently powered to show a significant difference in

length of stay.”
“Background: Successful treatment of tuberculosis (TB) involves taking anti-tuberculosis drugs for at least six months. Poor adherence to treatment means patients remain infectious for longer, are more likely to relapse or succumb to tuberculosis and could result in treatment failure as well as foster emergence of drug resistant tuberculosis. Kenya is among countries with high tuberculosis burden globally. The purpose of this study was Z-IETD-FMK datasheet to determine the duration tuberculosis patients stay in treatment before defaulting and factors associated with default in Nairobi.\n\nMethods: A Case-Control study; Cases were those who defaulted from treatment and Controls those who completed treatment course between January 2006 and March 2008.

All (945) defaulters and 1033 randomly selected controls from among 5659 patients who completed treatment course in 30 high volume sites were enrolled. Secondary data was collected using a facility questionnaire. From among the enrolled, 120 cases and 154 controls were randomly selected and Sotrastaurin supplier interviewed to obtain primary data not routinely collected. Data was analyzed using SPSS and Epi Info statistical software. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression

analysis to determine association and Kaplan-Meier method to determine probability of staying in treatment over time were applied.\n\nResults: Of 945 defaulters, 22.7% (215) and 20.4% (193) abandoned treatment within first and second months (intensive phase) of treatment respectively. Among 120 defaulters interviewed, 16.7% (20) attributed their default to ignorance, 12.5% (15) to traveling away from treatment site, 11.7% (14) to feeling better and 10.8% (13) to side-effects. On multivariate analysis, inadequate knowledge on tuberculosis (OR 8.67; 95% CI 1.47-51.3), herbal medication use (OR 5.7; 95% CI 1.37-23.7), low income (OR 5.57, CI 1.07-30.0), alcohol abuse (OR 4.97; 95% CI 1.56-15.9), previous default (OR 2.33; 95% CI 1.16-4.68), co-infection with Human immune-deficient Virus (HIV) (OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.25-1.94) and male gender (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.15-1.78) were independently associated with default.\n\nConclusion: The rate of defaulting was highest during initial two months, the intensive phase of treatment. Multiple factors were attributed by defaulting patients as cause for abandoning treatment whereas several were independently associated with default.

Only minor complications were observed, which were as follows: fever bigger than 38 degrees C in 6 patients, epigastric pain in 8 patients, and temporary hypertension in 2 patients. Computed tomography scan and endoscopic examination 3 months after TJO revealed complete eradication of gastric varices in all cases. Conclusions: We conclude that new TJO without the use of 5% EOI is an effective and safe method for gastric varices.”
“Preclinical Research The quest for a well-validated, non-invasive biomarker to aid in clinical decision making has remained

elusive in the cancer space over the last 30 years. Much promise has been attached to circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as prognostic, predictive, and pharmacodynamic biomarkers with the potential to eliminate the need for invasive tumor biopsies and improve on the clinical value of other circulating tumor markers. LY2835219 supplier The CellSearch (R) system (Veridex, LLC., Raritan, NJ, USA) cleared the U.S. Food and Drug Administration when the presence of CTCs was

shown to have prognostic significance in patients with breast, AL3818 concentration prostate, and colorectal cancer. However, CTCs are not, at present, routinely being used in the clinic to guide treatment decisions. This paper discusses key attributes that a biomarker must possess, the status of other potential cancer biomarkers, and advancements in the capture and characterization of CTCs that will enable actualization of their potential as a reliable and efficient biomarker of disease diagnosis, progression, and response to therapy in the clinic.”
“Objectives To investigate the impact of genotypes on the basis of the loss-of-function variant CYP2C19*2 and the gain-of-function variant CYP2C19*17 on on-treatment GDC-0032 platelet reactivity and on the occurrence of Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) major bleedings in 820 clopidogrel-treated patients who underwent elective coronary stenting.\n\nMethods On-treatment platelet reactivity was quantified using

ADP-induced light transmittance aggregometry (LTA) and the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay. Postdischarge TIMI major bleedings within 1 year after enrollment were recorded.\n\nResults In total, 25 major bleedings (3.0% of the study population) were observed. Patients with the CYP2C19*1/*17 and *17/*17 diplotypes exhibited a lower magnitude of platelet reactivity as compared with patients with the CYP2C19*1/*1 diplotype (for the light transmittance aggregometry-adjusted mean difference: -5.8%, 95% confidence interval: -9.6 to -2.1, P = 0.002). Patients with the *1/*17 and *17/*17 genotype had a 2.7-fold increased risk in the occurrence of major bleedings [adjusted hazard ratio: 2.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.1-7.0, P = 0.039]. The diplotypes *2/*17, *1/*2, and *2/*2 exhibited higher on-treatment platelet reactivity as compared with the wild type (P<0.0001).

Methods : We analyzed COX-2 and HuR expression by immunohistochemical staining of 108 gallbladder carcinomas. Results : COX-2 learn more expression and nuclear and cytoplasmic HuR expression were seen in, respectively, 61 (56.5%), 77 (71.3%), and 4 (3.7%) cases. COX-2 and nuclear HuR were simultaneously expressed in 44 of the 108 samples without any quantitative association between the levels of each. COX-2 expression correlated

with tumor stage, differentiation (based on histology), lymph node metastasis, perineural invasion, and survival. Nuclear and cytological expression of HuR did not correlate with any clinical parameters. Conclusions : COX-2 expression but not HuR may play an important role in the prognosis of patients with gallbladder carcinoma.”
“A novel method was developed using molecular imprinting technology (MIT) coupled with flow-injection

chemiluminescence (FI-CL) for highly sensitive detection of phenformin hydrochloride (PH). The phenformin imprinted polymer was synthesized with methacrylic acid (MAA) as a functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross-linker. Newly synthesized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) particles were packed into a column as a selective recognition element for determination of PH. A CL method for the determination of PH was developed based on the CL reaction of PH with N-bromosuccinimide sensitized by eosin Y in basic media. The optimization of detection conditions was investigated. The CL intensity responded linearly to the concentration of PH in the range 0.092.0?mu g/mL, with SBC-115076 manufacturer a correlation coefficient of 0.9920. The detection limit was 0.031?mu g/mL. The relative standard deviation for the determination

of 1.0?mu g/mL PH solution was 1.0% (n?=?11). The method was applied to the determination of PH in urine samples, with satisfactory results. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs), such as alkaloids, are often found in many parts of a plant, including flowers, providing protection to the plant from various types of herbivores or microbes. PSMs are also present in the floral nectar of many species, but typically at lower concentrations than in other parts of the plant. Nectar robbers often damage floral tissue to access the nectar. By doing so, these PLX3397 inhibitor nectar robbers may initiate an increase of PSMs in the floral nectar. It is often assumed that it takes at least a few hours before the plant demonstrates an increase in PSMs. Here, we addressed the question of whether PSMs in the floral tissue are immediately being released into the floral nectar following nectar robbing. To address this research question, we investigated whether there was an immediate effect of nectar robbing by the Palestine Sunbird (Nectarinia osea) on the concentration of nectar alkaloids, nicotine and anabasine, in Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca).

It was also found that D. gallinae carried other pathogens such as E. coli, Shigella sp., and Staphylococcus, thus increasing the list of pathogenic agents potentially transmitted by the mite.”
“A novel, simple, sensitive and selective solid-phase extraction (SPE)-spectrofluorimetric

method has been developed for the determination of atenolol (ATE) in human urine. Because an extraction procedure is required to isolate ATE or eliminate the interfering molecules present in complex human urine for the direct spectrofluorimetric determination, a pH-sensitive poly(acrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) [poly(AA-EGDMA)] hydrogel was developed and used as a SPE adsorbent. Some factors affecting the ATE extraction efficiency, such MLN8237 solubility dmso as washing solvent type and volume, and the volume of elution solvent were optimized. Eluates

from SPE cartridges were analyzed using a spectrofluorimeter ((ex)=277 nm and (em)=300 nm). The calibration graph was linear over the concentration range 0.15-4.0 mu g/mL. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were found to be 0.03 and 0.10 mu g/mL, respectively. Relatively high intraday [2.06%, mean relative standard deviation (RSD)] and interday (2.6%, mean RSD) precisions were achieved. High selleck compound mean recovery (95.4%) and low RSD values (3.8%) were obtained for spiked ATE in human urine. The spectrofluorimetric method presented here can be easily applied to assay trace amounts of ATE in pharmaceuticals and biological samples. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Microplitis bicoloratus parasitism induction of apoptotic DNA fragmentation

of host Spodoptera litura hemocytes has been reported. However, how M. bicoloratus parasitism regulates the host signaling pathways to induce DNA fragmentation during apoptosis remains unclear. To address this question, we performed a new RNAseq-based comparative analysis of the hemocytes transcriptomes of non-parasitized and parasitized S. litura. We were able to assemble a total of more than 11.63 Gbp sequence, to yield 20,571 unigenes. At least six main GSI-IX protein families encoded by M. bicoloratus bracovirus are expressed in the parasitized host hemocytes: Ankyrin-repeat, Ben domain, C-type lectin, Egf-like and Mucin-like, protein tyrosine phosphatase. The analysis indicated that during DNA fragmentation and cell death, 299 genes were up-regulated and 2,441 genes were down-regulated. Data on five signaling pathways related with cell death, the gap junctions, Ca2+, PI3K/Akt, NF-kappa B, ATM/p53 revealed that CypD, which is involved in forming a Permeability Transition Pore Complex (PTPC) to alter mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP), was dramatically up-regulated. The qRT-PCR also provided that the key genes for cell survival were down-regulated under M.

This review underscores the emerging theme that deregulated PCP signaling contributes to tumorigenesis, providing new potential targets for cancer therapy. [Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(8):2103-9]“
“Aims: In this study, we evaluated whether catechins could inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators induced by dental caries-related bacteria, Streptococci, or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) stimulation in human FRAX597 dental pulp fibroblasts (HDPF). We further determined the mechanisms

of the anti-inflammatory activity of catechins.\n\nMain methods: Streptococci or PAMP-stimulated HDPF were treated with catechin, and then the expression and production of pro-inflammatory mediators were determined by RT-PCR and ELISA. Furthermore, the signal transduction pathways activated with toll-like receptor (TLR)2 ligand were assessed by Immunoblot and ELISA using blocking assay with specific inhibitors.\n\nKey findings: Increased expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators are found in inflamed dental pulp, especially in HDPF. We recently reported that dental pulpal innate immune responses may mainly result from the predominantly-expressed TLR2 signaling. Catechins, polyphenolic compounds GPCR & G Protein in green tea, exert protective and healing effects through multiple mechanisms, including antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. However, there

are no reports concerning the effects of catechins on dental pulp. In this study, we demonstrated that the up-regulated expressions of IL-8 or PGE(2) in Streptococci or PAMP-stimulated HDPF were inhibited by catechins, (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) and (-)-epigallocatechin selleckchem gallate (EGCG). In TLR2 ligand-stimulated HDPF, specific inhibitors of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p38, c-jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (SAP/JNK), NF-kappa B or catechins markedly reduced the level of pro-inflammatory mediators and the phosphorylation of these signal

transduction molecules was suppressed by catechins.\n\nSignificance: These findings suggest that catechins might be useful therapeutically as an anti-inflammatory modulator of dental pulpal inflammation. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The complete molecule of title compound, C58H58P4, is generated by a crystallographic twofold rotation axis that passes through the center of the C(methine)-C(methine) bond of length 1.582 (4) angstrom The C-P bond lengths are 1.8824 (19) and 1.8991 (19) angstrom. The P-C-P angle of 109.69 (9)degrees is essentially equal to the expected value of 109.5 degrees for a tetrahedral C atom. Although the C(methine) P-C(aromatic) bond angles range from 102.67 (9) to 107.04 (9)degrees, the C(aromatic)-P-C(aromatic) bond angles of 96.72 (9) and 97.29 (9)degrees are significantly smaller.