\n\nSignificance. BelleGlass HP displayed the best overall resistance to cyclic loading, followed by Renew and Filtek Supreme Plus, and Micronew. (C) 2009 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. ARN-509 research buy All rights reserved.”
“Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the lacrimal gland is the most common primary malignant tumor of the lacrimal gland. It typically affects patients in the fifth decade of life and presents with rapid progression of pain, ptosis, motility disturbances, and sensory deficits of less than 1 year’s duration. ACC is rare in children. Due to early, aggressive perineural and bony spread, there is a high risk

of intracranial extension. Additionally, due to frequent hematogenous and lymphatic spread, there is a high rate of distant metastases even after treatment, which can occur late up to a decade or more. The currently accepted treatment for ACC is radical exenteration with orbitotomy and adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Recently, intra-arterial cytoreductive

chemotherapy (IACC) has been investigated as a neoadjuvant treatment modality. It has the advantage of increasing local concentration at the target tissue and decreasing systemic distribution. We report the first known pediatric case of ACC treated with IACC, followed by exenteration, radiation, and adjuvant intravenous chemotherapy. The patient was followed for 4 years, with no recurrence and no known complications.”
“Primary systemic therapy (PST) is a SC79 concentration common treatment strategy used to optimize surgical outcomes for women with locally advanced breast cancer. Several cooperative group trials have shown equivalent survival outcomes between neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy and have identified Adavosertib pathologic complete response (pCR) as a biologic marker for survival. Research efforts to

optimize PST include the development of strategies to predict individual response and to guide the choice of chemotherapy. These emerging approaches are informed by our knowledge of subtypes of breast cancer, as well as genomic technologies, such as chemosensitivity signatures. Following definitive surgery, the management of residual disease is controversial.”
“BASSETT, D. R. JR., H. R. WYATT, H. THOMPSON, J. C. PETERS, and J. O. HILL. Pedometer-Measured Physical Activity and Health Behaviors in U.S. Adults. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 42, No. 10, pp. 1819-1825, 2010. U.S. adults may have lower levels of ambulatory physical activity compared with adults living in other countries. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide descriptive, epidemiological data on the average number of steps per day estimated to be taken by U. S.

Additionally, we found that the psc mutant phenotype is inherited as a recessive, duplicate-factor trait in some inbred lines. Genetic analyses with other maize mutants with variegated leaves and impaired carbohydrate partitioning suggest that Psc defines an independent pathway. Therefore, investigations into the psc mutation have uncovered two previously unknown genes that redundantly function to regulate carbohydrate partitioning in maize.”
“Methods: Placebo-controlled, double-blind study in 262 patients (mean age 57 +/- 12 years; BMI 33.9 +/- 4.1 kg/m2; and glycosylated haemoglobin buy INCB028050 A1c (A1c) 8.24 +/- 0.93%)

receiving two OAMs. Patients were randomized to once-weekly subcutaneous injections of placebo or LY 0.5 mg for 4 weeks, then 1.0 mg for 12 weeks (LY 0.5/1.0); 1.0 mg for 16 weeks (LY 1.0/1.0); or 1.0 mg for 4 weeks, then 2.0 mg for 12 weeks (LY 1.0/2.0).\n\nResults: At week 16, A1c changes (least-squares mean +/- standard error) were -0.24 +/- 0.12, -1.38 +/- 0.12, -1.32 +/- 0.12 and -1.59 +/- 0.12%, in the placebo, LY 0.5/1.0, LY 1.0/1.0 and LY 1.0/2.0 arms, respectively (all p < 0.001 vs. placebo). Both fasting (p < 0.001) and postprandial (p < 0.05) blood glucose decreased significantly compared to placebo at all LY doses. Weight loss LY3039478 solubility dmso was dose dependent and ranged from -1.34 +/- 0.39 to -2.55 +/- 0.40 kg at 16

weeks (all p < 0.05 vs. placebo). At the highest LY dosage, the most common adverse events GSK2245840 concentration were nausea (13.8%), diarrhoea (13.8%) and abdominal distension (13.8%). Hypoglycaemia was uncommon overall (< 0.8 episodes/patient/30 days) but more common with LY than placebo through the initial 4 weeks (p < 0.05). No differences in cardiovascular events or blood pressure were shown between treatments.\n\nConclusions: LY2189265, given to overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes for 16 weeks in combination with OAMs, was relatively well tolerated and significantly reduced A1c, blood glucose and body weight.”
“We studied the effects of training on DNA synthesis intensity in mouse brain.

Brain cells where DNA synthesis-associated processes took place under the influence of training were detected by immunohistochemical labeling of DNA molecules with synthetic thymine analogue 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine. The number of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine-positive cell increased in various structures of the brain under the influence of training.”
“Technical innovation is rapidly improving the clinical utility of cardiac computed tomography (CT) and will increasingly address current technical limitations, especially the association of this test with relatively high levels of radiation. Guidelines for appropriate indications are in place and are evolving, with an increasing evidence base to ensure the appropriate use of this modality.

vaginalis to adapt and survive in diverse environment. Based on recent developments in the field, we review T. vaginalis structure, patho-mechanisms, parasitic virulence, and advances in diagnosis and therapeutics. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Transcriptomics analysis revealed that genes

involved in hepatic de novo 123 cholesterol synthesis were downregulated in fed HSL-null mice that had been on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 mo. This selleck compound finding prompted a further analysis of cholesterol metabolism in HSL-null mice, which was performed in fed and 16-h-fasted mice on a normal chow diet (ND) or HFD regimen. Plasma cholesterol was elevated in HSL-null mice, in all tested conditions, as a result of cholesterol enrichment of HDL and VLDL. Hepatic esterified cholesterol content and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) mRNA and protein levels were increased in HSL-null mice regardless of the dietary regimen. BIX 01294 solubility dmso Unsaturated fatty acid composition of hepatic triglycerides was modified in fasted HSL-null mice on ND and HFD. The increased ABCA1 expression had no major effect on cholesterol efflux from HSL-null mouse hepatocytes. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that HSL plays a critical

role in the hydrolysis of cytosolic cholesteryl esters and that increased levels of hepatic cholesteryl esters, due to lack of action of HSL in the liver, are the main mechanism underlying the imbalance in cholesterol metabolism in HSL-null mice.”
“Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 shedding is associated with increased risk for sexually acquiring HIV. Because Langerhans cells (LCs), the mucosal epithelium resident dendritic cells, are suspected Selleck VX-680 to be one of the initial target cell types infected by HIV following sexual exposure, we examined whether and how HSV-2 affects HIV infection of LCs. Although relatively few HSV-2/HIV-coinfected LCs were detected, HSV-2 dramatically enhanced the HIV susceptibility of LCs within skin explants. HSV-2

stimulated epithelial cell production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including human beta defensins and LL-37. LL-37 strongly upregulated the expression of HIV receptors in monocyte-derived LCs (mLCs), thereby enhancing their HIV susceptibility. Culture supernatants of epithelial cells infected with HSV-2 enhanced HIV susceptibility in mLCs, and this effect was abrogated by blocking LL-37 production. These data suggest that HSV-2 enhances sexual transmission of HIV by increasing HIV susceptibility of LCs via epithelial cell production of LL-37.”
“Purpose: To assess the pharmacodynamic effects of nimotuzumab, an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody with intermediate affinity for the receptor, in skin and tumor tissues from head and neck cancer patients.

The mRNA 123 findings were confirmed at the enzyme activity level by measuring the glucuronidation of 1-naphthol, a

very good substrate for UGT1A6, as well as estradiol that is not glucuronidated by this enzyme. The results revealed that 1-naphthol glucuronidation activity was high in both the differentiated and undifferentiated cells, whereas estradiol glucuronidation was only detected in the differentiated cells. Thus, Caco-2 cell differentiation plays a major role in UGT expression and ensuing metabolic reactions.”
“Osteoarticular complications are common in human brucellosis, but the pathogenic mechanisms involved are largely unknown. In this manuscript, we described an immune mechanism for inflammatory bone loss in response to infection by Brucella abortus. We established a requirement for MyD88 and TLR2 in TNF-alpha-elicited osteoclastogenesis in response to B. abortus infection. CS from macrophages infected Cyclosporin A with B. abortus induced BMM to 5-Fluoracil solubility dmso undergo osteoclastogenesis. Although B. abortus-infected macrophages actively secreted IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, osteoclastogenesis depended on TNF-alpha, as CS from B. abortus-infected macrophages failed to induce osteoclastogenesis in BMM from TNFRp55(-/-) mice. CS from B. abortus-stimulated

MyD88(-/-) and TLR2(-/-) macrophages failed to express TNF-alpha, and these CS induced no osteoclast formation compared with that of the WT or TLR4(-/-) macrophages. Omp19, a B. abortus lipoprotein model, recapitulated the cytokine production and subsequent osteoclastogenesis induced by the whole bacterium. All phenomena were corroborated using LB-100 human monocytes, indicating that this mechanism could play a role in human osteoarticular brucellosis. Our results indicate that B. abortus, through its lipoproteins, may be involved

in bone resorption through the pathological induction of osteoclastogenesis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 91: 285-298; 2012.”
“The late-phase of long-term potentiation (L-LTP), the cellular correlate of long-term memory, induced at some synapses facilitates L-LTP expression at other synapses receiving stimulation too weak to induce L-LTP by itself. Using glutamate uncaging and two-photon imaging, we demonstrate that the efficacy of this facilitation decreases with increasing time between stimulations, increasing distance between stimulated spines and with the spines being on different dendritic branches. Paradoxically, stimulated spines compete for L-LTP expression if stimulated too closely together in time. Furthermore, the facilitation is temporally bidirectional but asymmetric. Additionally, L-LTP formation is itself biased toward occurring on spines within a branch. These data support the Clustered Plasticity Hypothesis, which states that such spatial and temporal limits lead to stable engram formation, preferentially at synapses clustered within dendritic branches rather than dispersed throughout the dendritic arbor.

We underline the importance to look for SDB related signs and symptoms in patients with obesity of any degree.”
“Animal

populations interact with their environments in a scale-dependent manner and exhibit scale-dependent dynamics. Animals may adjust reproductive frequency and fecundity in response to fluctuating environments to maximize reproductive success. We hypothesize that populations of insectivorous small mammals undergo seasonal variations owing to predictable shortages of 3 winter food and short breeding periods, whereas populations Barasertib cost of herbivorous small mammals may exhibit multi-year fluctuations owing to food-induced variability in the length of the breeding period among years. We predict that omnivorous Peromyscus and Reithrodontomys species would have population dynamics patterns similar to insectivorous small mammals, if the omnivorous rodents rely on insects as winter food. Using the wavelet transform, we re-analyzed nine long-term monthly population time series of Blarina brevicauda, Microtus ochrogaster, Microtus pennsylvanicus, Peromyscus leucopus, Peromyscus maniculatus, Reithrodontomys megalotis, and Sigmodon hispidus from Illinois, Kansas, and Pennsylvania, United States to test our hypothesis. Populations of B. brevicauda in Illinois, P. leucopus in Pennsylvania, and S. hispidus and R. megalotis in Kansas resonated with climate

change at an annual scale (8-16 months), whereas Microtus 3-Methyladenine price populations in Illinois and Kansas and P. leucopus, P. maniculatus, and S. hispidus populations this website in Kansas exhibited the greatest variability at a scale of 32 months. Our Kansas M. ochrogaster population cycled every 2-3 years from 1984 to 1994. Therefore, small mammal populations form a continuum of slow-fast dynamics. Variation in small mammal population abundances

is related to climate dynamics only at annual scales. However, it is unlikely that long-term dynamics of local climate directly result in long-term variation in small mammal population abundances, including population cycles. Our findings demonstrate the importance of scale-specific effects of exogenous factors in the dynamics of animal populations and offer a new interpretation of complex effects of climate on population dynamics. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objective. To investigate the prevalence, distribution and severity of dental erosion and its association with lifestyle, oral and general health in young adults. Materials and methods. Four hundred and ninety-four individuals, 20-years of age, participated. Dental erosion in molars and maxillary incisors was evaluated. Caries, plaque and gingivitis were registered. Saliva samples were taken and the subjects were interviewed about behavioural and dietary habits and oral and general health. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated.

These data suggest that ox-LDL may be related to the pathogenesis of arterial stiffness. (Hypertension.

2009; 53: 846-852.)”
“Considering the importance of the development of powerful green catalysts and the omnipresence of amide bonds in natural and synthetic compounds, we report here on reactions between alcohols Etomoxir price and amines for amide bond formation in which heterogeneous gold and gold/iron, -nickel, or -cobalt nanopartides are used as catalysts and molecular oxygen is used as terminal oxidant. Two catalysts show excellent activity and selectivity, depending on the type of alcohols used. A wide variety of alcohols and amines, including aqueous ammonia and amino acids, can be used for the amide synthesis. Furthermore, the catalysts can be recovered and reused several times without loss of activity.”
“In order to compare polymorphism resulting from monomeric prolamine and hordein, 63 genotypes of hulless barley from ICARDA were investigated. Also, to compare the patterns observed in the analyses of storage proteins and their relation with morphologic and phenologic traits,

20 agromorphological traits were recorded. In the analysis of the hordeins, no polymorphism was observed in the area D hordein. However, 10 patterns in the area C hordein, and 13 patterns AZ 628 in vitro in the area B hordein were observed; and in total 32 bands and 32 patterns were observed. The average genetic diversity index for these proteins was calculated as H = 0.866. In the analysis of the monomeric prolamins, which was performed with the Acid-PAGE method, 15, 9, 24, and 20 patterns were observed for the , , , and areas, respectively. The average of the genetic diversity index for these proteins was H = 0.889, and in total 33 bands as well as 57 patterns were observed. In the analysis

of the monomeric prolamins, 51 genotype having unique patterns were identifiable while in the analysis of the hordeins, only 18 samples were identified. With regard to the fact that monomeric prolamins enjoy a selleck greater diversity than hordeins and are more powerful in identifying samples and regarding the simple, in addition to the low cost of conducting the analysis, it can be used in a variety of genetic studies such as genetic diversity assessment, identifying genotypes and determining the phylogenic relations in barley. In the analysis of hordeins, one pattern was found among the patterns of area B hordein that was related to the traits of days to heading and days to maturity.”
“Synthesis of a series of urea and thiourea derivatives of glycine and proline conjugated to 2,3-dichlorophenyl piperazine has been reported. The structures were confirmed by physical and spectroscopical measurements followed by characterization of antiglycation activity. All synthesized compounds were able to inhibit protein glycation, particularly halogen containing derivatives without preference of oxygen or sulphur at the urea function.

\n\nRecent findings\n\nOver the past 10 years, a number of different compounds have been studied in vitro and clinically as FLT3 inhibitors. The first inhibitors studied were hampered by cumbersome pharmacokinetics and a general lack of potency. However, some agents have shown promise in clinical trials this website with transient responses in AML. Newer compounds, such as AC220, have demonstrated profound selectivity and potency

against the FLT3 target, and are currently being investigated in clinical trials.\n\nSummary\n\nClinical trials have so far demonstrated that inhibitors of FLT3 do have clinical activity in patients with FLT3-mutant AML, although this activity is often transient and correlates with effective in-vivo suppression of the FLT3 target. As newer, more potent agents are now Selleck Birinapant entering advanced clinical trials, opportunities will emerge for real progress against this grim disease.”
“Aquaporins (AQP) are a growing family of water-channel proteins, numbering 13 to date. Recent studies have reported AQP1 and AQP4 to be involved in the development

and resorption of brain edemas of different origin. Other AQPs have also been detected in brain tissue, but their impact on brain edema remains to be shown. To evaluate a possible role of AQP5 in brain edema, we investigated the association of AQP5 expression and the functional AQP5 promoter polymorphism A(-1364)C with occurrence and intensity of peritumoral edema in meningioma patients. Peritumoral edema was classified in three degrees based on preoperative imaging in 89 meningioma patients treated at the University Hospital Essen between 2003 and 2006. AQP5 expression was assessed immunohistochemically in tumor tissue obtained during neurosurgical tumor resection. Genotypes of the A(-1364)C polymorphism were determined using the “slowdown” find more polymerase chain reaction. Higher levels of AQP5 expression were significantly correlated with the AQP5-1364 AA genotype (P = 0.02). AQP5 expression was positively correlated

with edema (P = 0.04). AQP5 genotypes were not significantly associated with the occurrence, but with the intensity of peritumoral brain edema (P = 0.04). In our cohort, 40 % of patients with grade I, 66.7 % with grade II, and 76.5 % with grade III edema possessed at least one A allele. Development and intensity of peritumoral edema in meningiomas are associated with AQP5 expression. The intensity of edema correlates with the AQP5 A(-1364)C genotype. This suggests AQP5 as an interesting new candidate involved in peritumoral brain edema in meningioma patients.”
“QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY: Prenatal care has been significantly influenced by the introduction of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for aneuploidies in 2012. The aim of this study was to describe the current impact of NIPT on prenatal care.

Quantitative metrics for multi-sample comparative studies have

been introduced to analyze developmental variations within the ensemble. The digital model may serve as a canvas on which the behavior of cellular subpopulations can be studied. As an example, we have investigated cellular rearrangements during germ layer formation at the onset of gastrulation. A comparison of the one-eyed pinhead Napabucasin (oep) mutant with the digital model of the wild-type embryo reveals its abnormal development at the onset of gastrulation, many hours before changes are obvious to the eye.”
“Background: The brother of the regulator of imprinted sites (BORIS) is a novel member of the cancer testis antigen gene family, which are normally expressed only in spermatocytes,

but abnormally activated in different malignancies. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the expression of BORIS in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its correlation with the clinicopathologic features and prognosis of HCC. Methods: We investigated BORIS expression in HCC cell lines and 105 primary HCC clinical surgical specimens using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. We further examined the correlation of BORIS with a liver stem cell marker (CD90) in HCC tissues by histochemical double staining. The correlation of BORIS with clinicopathologic features and prognosis of HCC was analyzed using patient data. Results: The expression of BORIS was found in SMMC-7721, BEL-7402, and Huh-7, but not in hep-G2 cells. The expression MK0683 find more rate of BORIS was significantly higher in the HCC tissues than in the adjacent noncancerous tissues (p=0.000). BORIS expression was correlated with the tumor size (p=0.000), CD90 expression (p=0.000), and satellite nodule (p=0.000). Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that patients with positive expression of BORIS had lower overall survival rate (p=0.003). Conclusions: Our data indicate that BORIS may be an auxiliary diagnosis index and a novel favorable prognostic indicator of HCC.”
“Background: A

standardized scoring system does not exist in virtual reality-based assessment metrics to describe safe and crucial surgical skills in robot-assisted surgery. This study aims to develop an assessment score along with its construct validation.\n\nMaterials and methods: All subjects performed key tasks on previously validated Fundamental Skills of Robotic Surgery curriculum, which were recorded, and metrics were stored. After an expert consensus for the purpose of content validation (Delphi), critical safety determining procedural steps were identified from the Fundamental Skills of Robotic Surgery curriculum and a hierarchical task decomposition of multiple parameters using a variety of metrics was used to develop Robotic Skills Assessment Score (RSA-Score).

05). CONCLUSIONS A high preoperative CRP level predicts an increased rate of postoperative

complication due to established inflammation and/or infection. This raises the question of whether we should be offering primary open appendicectomies to patients with a CRP level of bigger than 150mg/l.”
“We propose a homogenous multi-analyte immunoassay based on the quenching of quantum dot (QD) fluorescence by means of graphene. Two QDs with emission maxima at 636 and 607 nm were bound to antibodies selective for mouse or chicken AG-881 mouse immunoglobulins, respectively, and graphene functionalized with carboxylic moieties was employed to covalently link the respective antigen. The antibody-antigen interaction led graphene close enough to QDs to quench the QD fluorescence

by resonance energy transfer. The addition of free antigens that competed with those linked to graphene acted as a “turn-on” effect on QD fluorescence. Fluorescence emitted by the two QDs could be recorded simultaneously since the QDs emitted light at different wavelengths while being excited at the same wavelength and proved to be linearly correlated with free CX-6258 nmr antigen concentration. The developed assay allows measuring both antigens over 2-3 orders of magnitude and showed estimated limits of detection in the nanomolar range. This approach is thus a promising universal strategy to develop homogenous immunoassays for diverse antigens (cells, proteins, low-molecular-mass analytes) in a multi-analyte configuration.”
“Osteoporosis, defined as low bone mass leading to increased fracture risk, is a major health problem that affects approximately 10 million Americans. The aging U. S. population is predicted to contribute to as CBL0137 purchase much as a 50% increase in prevalence by 2025. Although common, osteoporosis can be clinically silent,

and without prevention and screening, the costs of osteoporotic fracture-related morbidity and mortality will burden the U. S. healthcare system. This is a particularly relevant concern in the context of diminishing health care resources. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is the most widely used, validated technique for measuring bone mineral density (BMD) and diagnosing osteoporosis. Cost-effectiveness analyses support early detection and treatment of high-risk patients with antiresorptive medications such as bisphosphonates. Moreover, optimization of bone health throughout life can help prevent osteoporosis. Current guidelines recommend screening women by age 65 years, but because no guidelines for screening intervals exist, decisions are made on the basis of clinical judgment alone. Although the recent literature provides some guidance, this review further explores current recommendations in light of newer evidence to provide more clarity on prevention, screening, and management strategies for patients with osteoporosis in the primary care setting.

(C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare complication of pregnancy, which, in France, is the second leading cause of maternal mortality. It results from the passage of amniotic fluid into the maternal circulation, but mechanisms

leading to clinical signs are not yet clearly identified. After a literature review, we report on the case of a 34 years old patient occurred during labor. Laboratory tests were performed during acute phase to diagnose coagulopathy and to monitor vital parameters. Further laboratory tests were conducted to support the diagnosis: cytology, study of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1, tryptase and alpha-foetoprotein. Performances and place of these laboratory tests must be precised as no specific test can attest

the diagnosis.”
“Background: A defective emotional enhancement of verbal memory (VM) performances has www.selleckchem.com/ATM.html been reported in different neurological diseases. Objectives: To assess the emotional enhancement of VM in 22 Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS) suggestive of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and 49 Relapsing (RR) MS patients in comparison to 32 Healthy Controls (HC). Methods: Immediate and delayed recall find more of VM was assessed using the Selective Reminding Test (SRT). A list of 12 emotionally significant words was used to evaluate the Emotional (E) variants of the SRT. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory. Results: The prevalence of depression did not differ between RRMS and CIS patients. Both patient groups showed poorer (p smaller than 0.01) VM performances in comparison to HC in all the SRT tasks, but no difference was found between the two patient groups. Emotionally salient words were more (p smaller than 0.0001) recalled than neutral words in HC and CIS, but not in RRMS patients, while performing MLN4924 mouse the immediate recall tasks. Delayed recall was not

affected by emotional stimuli in both CIS and RR MS groups. The presence of depressive symptoms did not influence the VM performances. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate a defective emotional enhancement of VM in definite MS and, although to a lesser extent, in CIS patients. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“In the present study, we investigated the hepatoprotective effects of schisandrin B (Sch B) and green tea polyphenols (GrTP), two natural antioxidants, against Hg hepatotoxicity. Fifty-six rats were randomly divided into four groups of fourteen animals in each group: control group, Hg-treated group, Sch B pretreated group, and GrTP pretreated group. HgCl2 injection increased Hg accumulation, pathological and ultrastructural injury, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, alanine transaminase (ALT) level, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, glutathione (GSH) level, and 123 malondialdehyde (MDA) level. HgCl2 injection decreased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities.