Analysis of the physical association of LTR-RTs with centromere satellite repeats identified two putative centromere retrotransposon (CR) families of soybean, which were grouped

into the CR (e.g. CRR and CRM) lineage found in grasses, indicating that the ‘functional specification’ of CR pre-dates the bifurcation of eudicots and monocots. However, a number of families of the CR lineage are not concentrated in centromeres, suggesting that their CR roles may now be defunct. Our data also suggest that the envelope-like genes in the putative Copia retrovirus-like family are probably derived from the Gypsy retrovirus-like lineage, and thus we propose learn more the hypothesis of a single ancient

origin of envelope-like genes in flowering plants.”
“To update the prevalence and risk factors of intractable postpartum hemorrhage (IPH) and evaluate the effectiveness of surgical treatment modalities.

Between January 2002 and January 2008, IPH diagnosis was made in 86 cases. They were evaluated retrospectively.

Placental implantation abnormalities were the leading cause, responsible for 45.6% of cases. Organ preserving surgery (OPS) methods were utilized in 47 cases, with a success rate of 76.6%. Among these cases, 11 were proceeded to hysterectomy. Hysterectomy was performed in 45 Tozasertib molecular weight cases as definitive treatment.

Compression sutures were quite effective in controlling hemorrhage due to placenta accreta and previa. For women who are hemodynamically stable and desirous for future fertility, OPS modalities should be applied first. Shorter operating time, hospital stay and less blood transfusion were seen with subtotal type hysterectomy, so in case of nonbleeding lower uterine segment, subtotal type should be performed first.”
“Helicobacter pylori CagA protein is considered a major virulence factor associated with gastric cancer. There are two check details major types of CagA proteins: the Western and East Asian CagA. The East Asian CagA-positive

H. pylori infection is more closely associated with gastric cancer. The prevalence of gastric cancer is quite low in the Philippines, although Philippine populations are considered to originate from an East Asia source. This study investigates the characteristics of the cagA gene and CagA protein in Philippine H. pylori strains and compares them with previously characterized reference strains worldwide. The full-length cagA gene was sequenced from 19 Philippine isolates and phylogenetic relationships between the Philippine and 40 reference strains were analyzed. All Philippine strains examined were cagA positive, and 73.7% (14/19) strains were Western CagA-positive.

84; 95% CI: 0.74-0.94; P = 0.004) and all-cause mortality (RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.84 – 0.98; P = 0.01). Direct thrombin inhibitor achieved results similar to the overall meta-analysis (drug classoutcome interactions P = 0.47 for primary outcome, P = 1.00 for mortality). Compared with warfarin, novel anticoagulants markedly reduced hemorrhagic stroke (RR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.41-0.64; P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Novel oral anticoagulants may be superior to warfarin in patients Akt inhibitor with atrial fibrillation, reducing the composite of stroke or systemic embolism and lowering all-cause mortality. The benefit is largely

due to fewer hemorrhagic strokes. Ernesto Paolasso, MD, is a national lead investigator for a clinical trial sponsored by Daiichi-Sankyo investigating a novel oral anticoagulant. Robert Giugliano, MD, SM, is a member of the TIMI Study Group, which has received research grant support from Johnson & Johnson and from Daiichi-Sankyo related to clinical trials of anticoagulants. Dr. Giugliano has received honoraria for consultation/lectures from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, Johnson & Johnson, and Sanofi-Aventis. The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.”
“Nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest in analytical chemistry (e.g., sample pre-concentration, molecular probes, and

biological and electrochemical sensing). However, their physico-chemical and surface properties

are significantly affected by their size and morphology, this website and impurities.

This article reviews the general applications of nanomaterials in analytical Kinase Inhibitor Library atomic spectrometry, including their use to improve the sensitivity and the selectivity of atomic spectrometric methods, to broaden the application range to biological-molecule detection, and to characterize and to determine nanomaterials themselves and their impurities. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A canalicular laceration is the most common injury of the lacrimal drainage system and can result from direct or indirect injury to the canalicular system. If the wounds are not managed properly, they can lead to scarring, stenosis, and inflammation, which may lead to symptomatic epiphora. We successfully reconstructed canalicular lacerations using Mini-Monoka tubes (FCI Ophthalmics, Marshfield Hills, MA) under microscopic magnification.

We treated 14 patients for canalicular lacerations at the Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital between August 2009 and October 2012. All patients underwent placement of a Mini-Monoka tube and a mucosal canalicular anastomosis microscopically to reconstruct monocanalicular lacerations. The tubes were removed at 6 to 8 months postoperatively, and follow-up was 8 to 12 months. No complications related to the Mini-Monoka tube, such as punctual plug migration, eye irritation, inflammation, granuloma formation, or erosion, occurred during the follow-up period.

Meanwhile, the drug loading efficiency of microspheres and the in vitro release of urapidil hydrochloride from microspheres were performed. The release study indicated that the urapidil hydrochloride-PLLA microspheres exhibited better sustained release capacity, and the kinetics of urapidil hydrochloride-PLLA microspheres in vitro release could be described by the Higuchi equation. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 115: 2317-2321, 2010″
“We describe an irrigating iris retractor for cataract surgery in eyes with small pupils. The retractor, a modified irrigating handpiece, has 2 standard side-port irrigating openings and a smooth, button-like iris hook in the front. The hook is

inserted Akt inhibitor into the margin of a small pupil and retracts the pupil peripherally to allow visualization of cortical remnants in the equatorial area of the lens capsule. The capsule can then be safely cleaned using the aspirating handpiece in the surgeon’s other hand.”
“S100A1, a small EP-hand Ca(2+)-binding protein with intracellular and extracellular functions, is predominantly expressed in cardiac muscle where it plays a crucial role as a modulator of Ca(2+) homeostasis, energy metabolism and contractile performance. Essentially, its beneficial effects on heart function have Blebbistatin price been attributed to its direct interaction with, and effects on, sarcoplasmic

reticulum calcium handling proteins sarco(endo) plasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATEase and the ryanodine receptor. Downregulated

levels of S100A1 in cardiomyocytes postmyocardial infarction have been linked to diminished cardiac reserve and contribute to the development of heart failure. Interestingly, S100A1 expression has recently been described in endothelial cells where it is downregulated in heart failure and has been shown tit modulare intracellular Ca(2+). levels and nitric oxide production. Absence of the Ca(2+) sensor protein in endothelial cells is associated with endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. Thus, S100A1 is emerging its a potential therapeutic target for diverse cardiovascular conditions.”
“In this paper, an effective and green strategy was developed to obtain aglycone isoflavones from soybean through the extraction, hydrolysis, and purification steps. Firstly, a novel ethanol-alkaline extraction method was designed and optimized. selleck chemicals llc The high extraction yield (94.34%) of isoflavones was achieved under the optimal extraction conditions of pH 9.0, 70A degrees C, 60 min, ethanol concentration of 65%, and 1:15 of the solid to liquid ratio. Then, the cellulase (GC-220) was used instead of traditional beta-glucosidase to hydrolyze the glycoside isoflavones into aglycone isoflavones which gave an excellent conversion of 95%. Finally, the crude aglycone isoflavones have been purified by an environmental-friendly procedure comprised of ethanol precipitation, ethyl acetate extraction, and water rinse. The final amount of aglycone isoflavones obtained was 1.

A determination of the pressure in

Selleckchem WH-4-023 both cavities is decisive for selecting the appropriate valve type and opening pressure. The intraperitoneal pressure (IPP)-in contrast to the intracranial pressure still remains controversial with regard to its normal level and position dependency.

Methods. The authors used 6 female pigs for the experiments. Two transdermal telemetric pressure sensors (cranial and caudal) were implanted intraperitoneally with a craniocaudal distance of 30 cm. Direct IPP measurements were supplemented with noninvasive IPP measurements (intragastral and intravesical). The IPP was measured with the pigs in the supine (0 degrees), 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and vertical (90 degrees) body positions. After the pigs were euthanized, CT was used to determine the intraperitoneal probe position.

Results. With pigs in the supine position, the mean (+/- SD) IPP was 10.0 +/- 3.5 cm H2O in a mean vertical distance of 4.5 +/- 2.8 cm to the highest level of the peritoneum. The this website difference

between the mean IPP of the cranially and the caudally implanted probes (Delta IPP) increased according to position, from 5.5 cm H2O in the 0 degrees position to 11.5 cm H2O in the 30 degrees position, 18.3 cm H2O in the 60 degrees position, and 25.6 cm H2O in the vertical body position. The vertical distance between the probe tips (cranially implanted over caudally implanted) increased 3.4, 11.2, 19.3, and 22.3 cm for each of the 4 body positions, respectively. The mean difference between the A IPP and the vertical distance between both probe tips over all body positions was 1.7 cm H2O.

Conclusions. The IPP is subject to the position-dependent hydrostatic force. Normal IPP is able to reduce the differential pressure in patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts.”
“Purpose: Frontal sinus fractures are relatively

common injuries presenting to trauma units. The optimal treatment of frontal sinus fractures remains controversial. Bicoronal approach is commonly used to obtain full exposure of both frontal bones and to repair any intracranial trauma; however, this approach requires long operative time and could lead to a long-lasting visible scar, alopecia, and paresthesias. In addition, patients have to stay in find more hospital for several days with this method. Endoscopic approach, less invasive than bicoronal method, has a steep learning curve. In this article, we suggest a simple reduction method in frontal sinus anterior wall fracture using the tapper instrument.

Methods: Between 2005 and 2011, a transcutaneous reduction of closed anterior table frontal sinus fracture using a tapper instrument was performed in 13 patients. This group consists of 10 men and 3 women, and the mean age was 27.5 years. Under general anesthesia, the point that the tapper would be placed is marked considering the fracture site shown on computed tomographic scan and the clinically depressed area. A 3-mm slit incision was made just above the marked point.

“
“The Hospital Anxiety and Depression CH5424802 datasheet Scale (HADS) is widely used in adult populations; however, its usefulness with adolescents has been explored less. This study sought to evaluate the reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Chinese version of HADS in a community sample of adolescents residing in Hong Kong.

A prospective

cohort of 5,857 students recruited from 17 secondary schools completed the HADS. Internal consistency and concurrent validity were examined. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to test the relative fits of six factor structures of the HADS. The best fitting model was further cross-validated by male, female, split-half samples, and age subgroups.

The HADS possessed adequate internal consistency, especially for the anxiety subscale. Significant concurrent intercorrelations with self-reported suicidal thoughts and the Youth Self Report Anxious/Depressed subscale were discovered and found to be stronger for females. The cross-validation supported a two-factor model, where anxiety item 7, “”I can sit at ease and feel relaxed”", was placed in the depression Histone Methyltransf inhibitor subscale.

The HADS showed satisfactory psychometric properties as a screening instrument in assessing anxious and depressive states as two correlated but distinct factors in adolescents. Study implications and recommendations for future research were discussed.”
“To develop a self-report version of the EQ-5D for younger

respondents, named the EQ-5D-Y (Youth); to test its comprehensibility for children and adolescents and to compare results obtained using the standard adult EQ-5D and the

EQ-5D-Y.

An international task force revised the content of EQ-5D and wording to ensure relevance and clarity for young respondents. Children’s and adolescents’ understanding of the EQ-5D-Y was tested in cognitive interviews after the instrument was translated into German, Italian, Spanish and Swedish. Differences between the EQ-5D and the EQ-5D-Y regarding frequencies of reported problems were investigated in Germany, Spain and South Africa.

The content of the EQ-5D dimensions proved to be appropriate 4EGI-1 concentration for the measurement of HRQOL in young respondents. The wording of the questionnaire had to be adapted which led to small changes in the meaning of some items and answer options. The adapted EQ-5D-Y was satisfactorily understood by children and adolescents in different countries. It was better accepted and proved more feasible than the EQ-5D. The administration of the EQ-5D and of the EQ-5D-Y causes differences in frequencies of reported problems.

The newly developed EQ-5D-Y is a useful tool to measure HRQOL in young people in an age-appropriate manner.”
“To examine the feasibility, reliability, and validity of the newly developed EQ-5D-Y.

The EQ-5D-Y was administered in population samples of children and adolescents in Germany, Italy, South Africa, Spain, and Sweden. Percentages of missing values and reported problems were calculated.

045) but no differences in 6-MWT performance (269 +/- 110 vs 277 +/- 114 m, P = 0.81). Echocardiographic response was also better in the optimization group with lower LV end systolic volume (108 +/- 51 vs 126 +/- 60 mL, P = 0.048) and higher ejection fraction (30

+/- 7 vs 27 +/- 8, P = 0.01) compared to empiric settings.

Conclusion: Device optimization using noninvasive measures of CO is associated with better clinical and echocardiographic response compared to empiric settings. (PACE 2011; 34: 1527-1536)”
“We investigate the ac Josephson effect in superconductor-graphene-superconductor (SGS) junctions by using the Floquet-Green’s function formalism check details to solve the Dirac-Bogoliubov-de Gennes equation. The numerical results show rich subharmonic gap structures such as the negative differential conductance (NDC) in the dc current. The tunability of the current magnitude can be controlled

by the gate voltage, which determines the carriers’ densities in graphene. With increasing bias, the ac components decay in an oscillatory manner as in superconductor-normal-superconductor junctions. It is found that the higher-order components have an explicit contribution to the total current under a low bias, which leads to the deviation from a simple sine-like dependence on time for the total current. The NDC characteristics and the tunable current magnitude are excellent hints for the potential application of SGS junctions. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3573501]“
“The

cytoskeleton undergoes dramatic reorganization Selleck GKT137831 during plant defence. This response is generally interpreted as part of the cellular repolarization establishing physical barriers against the invading pathogen. To gain insight into the functional significance of cytoskeletal responses for defence, this website two Vitis cell cultures that differ in their microtubular dynamics were used, and the cytoskeletal response to the elicitor Harpin in parallel to alkalinization of the medium as a fast response, and the activation of defence-related genes were followed. In one cell line derived from the grapevine cultivar ‘Pinot Noir’, microtubules contained mostly tyrosinylated alpha-tubulin, indicating high microtubular turnover, whereas in another cell line derived from the wild grapevine V. rupestris, the alpha-tubulin was strongly detyrosinated, indicating low microtubular turnover. The cortical microtubules were disrupted and actin filaments were bundled in both cell lines, but the responses were elevated in V. rupestris as compared with V. vinifera cv. ‘Pinot Noir’. The cytoskeletal responsiveness correlated with elicitor-induced alkalinization and the expression of defence genes. Using resveratrol synthase and stilbene synthase as examples, it could be shown that pharmacological manipulation of microtubules could induce gene expression in the absence of elicitor.

Based on recent microarray comparative analysis, we are reporting that in vitro FSH stimulation on cumulus cells appears to achieve at least part of the gene expression activity after in vivo LH stimulation. We are then proposing that the in vitro FSH-response of cumulus cells have similitudes with the in vivo LH-response.”
“Background: It is known that caloric restriction extends lifespan

and Blebbistatin can minimize age-related dysfunction of the reproductive system. We became interested in how caloric restriction influences apoptosis, which is a crucial process that maintains ovarian cell homeostasis.

Methods: We examined ovarian cells in: 2.5-year-old wild type mice on caloric restriction (CR) or fed ad libitum (AL) and Laron dwarf mice (GHR-KO) at the same ages on CR or fed AL. Apoptosis was assessed by histochemical analysis on paraffin sections of ovarian tissue.

Results: Morphological and histochemical analysis revealed that CR improved reproductive potential in 2.5-year-old WT littermates and GHR-KO female mice, as indicated by the increased number of ovarian follicles. The level of apoptosis in ovarian tissue was higher in WT mice on a CR diet compared with WT mice on the AL diet. In GHR-KO AR-13324 nmr mice, the level of apoptosis in ovaries

was similar for mice on CR and on AL diets and bigger than in WT mice on CR.

Conclusions: Morphological and histochemical analysis revealed a younger biological age of the ovaries in 2-year-old WT littermates and GHR-KO female mice on CR compared with animals fed AL.”
“”"Universal Precautions in Pain

Medicine: A Rational Approach to the Treatment of Chronic Pain”" was published in 2005. In SB273005 it, a unified 10-step approach to the assessment and management of patients suffering from chronic pain was proposed. As well, a triage scheme of risk stratification was offered. By placing patients into risk categories of low, medium, or high (Groups I, II, and III), it became possible to recommend to primary care practitioners those patients whom they might confidently manage on their own, comanage with specialty support, or refer to specialty clinics with more experience and resources to tackle these often challenging cases.

It is important to note that Universal Precautions is not simply about opioid prescribing, although the use of opioids does highlight the value inherent in managing risk in all patients. Moreover, it should serve to remind health care professionals that the presence of significant psychiatric comorbidities, including substance-use disorders, may represent treatable conditions that must be addressed in order to optimize outcomes.

Universal Precautions as a concept should be based upon mutual trust and respect between patient and practitioner, both of whom should be committed to setting and achieving realistic goals in both cancer and noncancer pain patients.

The gelling capacity of the prepared formulations was assessed visually and by investigating their rheological behavior upon mixing with human blood serum since it has the same composition as the GCF. The rheological behavior of all formulations was not affected by incorporation of the drug. In vitro release studies showed that the alginate/HPMC mixture, upon gelling after mixing with serum, can sustain the release of doxycycline HCL for an extended period AZD6094 Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor of time which was more than 12 days. These results indicated that

this system can be used as an in situ gelling local delivery system for the treatment of periodontal disease. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 115:811-816, 2010″
“Background: Acute myelogeneous leukemia (AML) is a malignancy of the hematopoietic stem cells, for which cytogenetic analysis is still one of the most important diagnostic and prognostic tools. Still, we are far away from having seen and described all possible genetic changes associated with this kind of acquired disease.

Results: Bone marrow cells of a female patient with clinical diagnoses of AML and immunophenotypically confirmed AML-M4 were studied by GTG-banding. The later was not able see more to

resolve all karyotypic changes and the complex karyotype was characterized in more detail by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and array-proven multicolor banding (aMCB). To the best of our knowledge,

selleck the present case is the only one ever seen with a del(5) (q14q34), a der(17) t(4;17)(p13;p13), a del(2)(p23), a der(4) t(4;7)(p13;q11.23), a der(22) t(11;22)(q23;q11.2) and two complex rearranged chromosomes 11 involving chromosomes 7 and 22 as well as 2.

Conclusions: The yet unreported breakpoints observed in this case seem to be correlated with an adverse prognosis. Overall, molecular cytogenetic studies are suited best for identification and characterization of chromosomal rearrangements in acute leukemia and single case reports as well as large scale studies are necessary to provide further insides in karyotypic changes taking place in human malignancies.”
“Utilization and long-term outcomes of kidneys from donors with elevated terminal serum creatinine (sCr) levels have not been reported. Using data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients from 1995 to 2007, recipient outcomes of kidneys from adult donors were evaluated stratified by standard criteria (SCD; n = 82 262) and expanded criteria (ECD; n = 16 978) donor type and by sCr <= 1.5, 1.6-2.0 and > 2.0 mg/dL. Discard rates for SCDs were ascertained. The relative risk of graft loss was similar for recipients of SCD kidneys with sCr of 1.6-2.0 and > 2.0 mg/dL, compared to <= 1.5 mg/dL. For ECD recipients, the relative risk of graft failure significantly increased with increasing sCr.

Preconditioning of both donors and recipients with DS significantly reduces IRI and thus improves graft function after eKTx.”
“SETTING: The uptake of tests endorsed by the World Health Organization to detect and appropriately confirm multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in low-income countries remains insufficient.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the implementation of line-probe assays (LPA) and liquid culture to develop an algorithm to detect MDR-TB in the challenging setting of Haiti.

METHODS: Through an EXPAND-TB (Expanding Access to New Diagnostics for TB) partnership, proficiency testing and

validation of 221 acid-fast bacilli positive specimens were performed. Sensitivity, cost and processing time were analysed.

RESULTS:

MLN4924 datasheet Using liquid vs. solid culture shortened the turnaround time from 54 to 19 days, with a sensitivity of 100% vs. 98.6% and a total cost reduction of 13%. LPA detected all TB and MDR-TB cases at a lower cost than culture, in a mean time of 7.5 days.

CONCLUSION: The combined use of molecular and liquid culture techniques accelerates the accurate diagnosis of TB and susceptibility testing against first-line drugs in a significantly shorter time, and is less expensive. The implementation of this new algorithm could significantly and accurately improve the screening and treatment follow-up of patients affected with TB and MDR-TB.”
“Application of a sensitive and rapid flow injection analysis (FIA) method for determination of topiramate, piracetam, and levetiracetam Nutlin-3 research buy in pharmaceutical formulations see more has been investigated. The method is based on the reaction with ortho-phtalaldehyde and 2-mercaptoethanol in a basic buffer and measurement of absorbance at 295 nm under flow conditions. Variables affecting the determination such as sample injection volume, pH, ionic strength, reagent concentrations, flow rate of reagent and other FIA parameters were optimized to produce the most sensitive and reproducible results using a quarter-fraction factorial design, for five factors at two levels. Also,

the method has been optimized and fully validated in terms of linearity and range, limit of detection and quantitation, precision, selectivity and accuracy. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical preparations.”
“Thylakoid membranes have a unique complement of proteins, most of which are nuclear encoded synthesized in the cytosol, imported into the stroma and translocated into thylakoid membranes by specific thylakoid translocases. Known thylakoid translocases contain core multi-spanning, membrane-integrated subunits that are also nuclear-encoded and imported into chloroplasts before being integrated into thylakoid membranes. Thylakoid translocases play a central role in determining the composition of thylakoids, yet the manner by which the core translocase subunits are integrated into the membrane is not known.

“
“Paprika (Capsicum annum L.) slices were dehydrated with red algae extract (RAE) at a concentration of 30%(w/w) and compared with hot-air dried samples in terms of rehydration ratio, total carotenoid content,

ascorbic acid, microstructure, and color. The rehydration ratios of RAE-treated samples were higher than those of hot-air dried buy YM155 samples. The total carotenoid contents of RAE-treated samples were similar to those of fresh paprika and higher than those of hot-air dried paprika. In addition, the ascorbic acid contents of RAE-treated samples were higher and the microstructures of RAE-treated samples were superior to those of hot-air dried samples in terms of cellular matrix. The colors of RAE-treated samples were similar to that of fresh paprika and better than those of hot-air dried samples. These results suggest that paprika can be dehydrated with RAE without loss of functional components or quality.”
“Fe films with the different

thicknesses were grown on c(4×4) reconstructed GaAs (001) surfaces at low temperature by molecular-beam epitaxy. Well-ordered bcc structural Fe epitaxial films are confirmed by x-ray diffraction patterns and high-resolution cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy images. A large lattice expansion perpendicular to the surface in Fe film is observed. In-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy is determined by the difference between selleck chemicals magnetizing energy along [110] and [110] directions, and the constant of interfacial uniaxial magnetic anisotropy is calculated to be 1.02×10(-4) J m(-2). We also find that magnetic anisotropy is not obviously influenced after in situ annealing, but in-plane strain is completely changed.”
“The viability of 5 probiotic lactobacilli

strains (Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5, Lactobacillus casei L01, Lactobacillus casei LAFTI L26, Lactobacillus paracasei Lcp37, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001) was assessed in 2 types of probiotic flavored drink based on fermented milk during 21 days of refrigerated storage (5 degrees check details C). Also, changes in biochemical parameters (pH, titrable acidity, and redox potential) during fermentation as well as the sensory attributes of final product were determined. Among the probiotic strains, L. casei LAFTI L26 exhibited the highest retention of viability during refrigerated storage period, while L. acidophilus LA-5 showed the highest loss of viability during this period. The decline in cell count of probiotic bacteria in strawberry fermented milk was significantly greater compared to peach fermented milk. In an overall approach, peach fermented milk containing L. casei LAFTI L26 was selected as the optimal treatment in this study in both aspects of viability and sensory accpeptibility.