One congenital infection among infants of the subjects occurred i

One congenital infection among infants of the subjects occurred in the vaccine group, and three infections occurred in the placebo group. There were more local reactions (pain, erythema, induration, and warmth) and systemic reactions (chills, arthralgias,

and myalgias) in the vaccine group than in the placebo group.

Conclusions

CMV glycoprotein B vaccine has the potential to decrease incident cases of maternal and congenital CMV infection. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00125502.)”
“The extent to which accumulations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by semipermeable membrane devices (SPMD) may be correlated Evofosfamide clinical trial to the concentration of PAH metabolites in fish was examined. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and SPMD were exposed over a 4-wk period to a mixture that was designed to simulate the composition of PAH in produced water discharges www.selleckchem.com/products/lee011.html in the North

Sea. Fish bile and whole SPMD were analyzed after exposure in a high, low, and a control treatment tank. PAH metabolites were detected and quantified by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-ToF-MS) and PAH in SPMD by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The level and duration of exposure were generally reflected in both matrices. Exposure water concentrations, calculated from SPMD accumulations, showed some considerable differences from nominal concentrations for volatile compounds. Concentration factors (CF) for fish based on SPMD-derived water concentrations ranged from 2.9 to 354.3 L/g. CF increased with hydrophobicity with more variation at higher log Kow. Regression this website analysis of accumulations of individual compounds in fish and SPMDs showed reasonable but compound-specific correlation, r2 = .54-.85 (C1-phenanthrenes/anthracenes and pyrene, respectively). Comparison of the two exposures suggests that fish CF may not be entirely independent of water concentrations. Overall the results show that accumulation of

up to four-ring PAH in SPMD may be related to internal exposure of fish to these substances when exposed through water, as evidenced by metabolite concentrations. The usefulness of using SPMD to measure exposure concentrations in a large-scale flow-through study is also examined.”
“Background

The genetic causes of nonsyndromic ovarian insufficiency are largely unknown. A nuclear receptor, NR5A1 (also called steroidogenic factor 1), is a key transcriptional regulator of genes involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-steroidogenic axis. Mutation of NR5A1 causes 46, XY disorders of sex development, with or without adrenal failure, but growing experimental evidence from studies in mice suggests a key role for this factor in ovarian development and function as well.

Here, we report the crystal structure of a fragment (S666 to Q111

Here, we report the crystal structure of a fragment (S666 to Q1116) of the replication protein from Tomato mosaic virus. The structure reveals a novel N-terminal domain tightly associated with a helicase core. The helicase core contains two RecA-like alpha/beta domains without any of the accessory domain insertions that are found in other superfamily 1 helicases. The N-terminal domain contains a flexible loop, a long a-helix, and an antiparallel six-stranded beta-sheet. On the basis of the structure, we constructed deletion mutants of the S666-to-Q1116 fragment https://www.selleckchem.com/products/chir-99021-ct99021-hcl.html and performed split-ubiquitin-based interaction assays in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with TOM1 and ARL8, host proteins that are essential

for tomato mosaic virus RNA replication. The results suggested that both TOM1 and ARL8 interact with the long a-helix in the N-terminal domain and that TOMI also interacts with the helicase core. Prediction of secondary structures in other viral superfamily 1 helicases buy AZD4547 and comparison of those structures with the S666-to-Q1116 structure suggested that these helicases have a similar fold. Our results provide a structural basis of viral superfamily 1 helicases.”
“Lipopolysaccharide that constitutes the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria is referred to as an endotoxin. It is comprised of a hydrophilic polysaccharide and a hydrophobic component referred to as lipid A. Lipid A is responsible

for the major bioactivity of endotoxin, and is recognized by immune cells as a pathogen-associated molecule. Levetiracetam Most enzymes and genes coding for proteins responsible for the biosynthesis and export of lipopolysaccharide in Escherichia coli have been identified, and they are shared by most Gram-negative bacteria based on genetic information. The detailed structure of lipopolysaccharide differs from one bacterium to another, consistent with the recent discovery of additional enzymes and gene products that can modify the basic structure of lipopolysaccharide in some bacteria, especially pathogens. These modifications are not required for survival, but are tightly regulated

in the cell and closely related to the virulence of bacteria. In this review we discuss recent studies of the biosynthesis and export of lipopolysaccharide, and the relationship between the structure of lipopolysaccharide and the virulence of bacteria. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: Endoscopic skull base surgery is now the preferred treatment option to remove skull base tumors.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the patient’s sense of smell and mucociliary clearance time (MCT) after skull base surgery.

METHODS: Patients with pituitary adenoma underwent a transnasal transsphenoidal endoscopic approach (TTEA group, n = 36), whereas patients with other benign parasellar tumors underwent an expanded endonasal approach (EEA group, n = 14) with a vascularized septal flap.

This article provides information that shows the adequacy of sani

This article provides information that shows the adequacy of sanitizing treatments applied by the juice industries.”
“Background: Iron deficiency may impair aerobic performance. This study aimed to determine whether treatment with intravenous iron (ferric carboxymaltose) find more would improve symptoms in patients who had heart failure, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, and iron deficiency, either with or without anemia.

Methods: We enrolled 459 patients with chronic heart failure of New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II or III, a left ventricular ejection fraction

of 40% or less (for patients with NYHA class II) or 45% or less (for NYHA class III), iron deficiency (ferritin level <100 microg per liter or between 100 and 299 microg per liter, if the transferrin saturation was <20%), and a hemoglobin level of 95 to 135 g per liter. Patients were randomly assigned, in a 2:1 ratio, to receive 200 mg of intravenous iron (ferric carboxymaltose) or saline (placebo). The primary end points were the self-reported Patient Global Assessment and NYHA functional class, both at week 24. Secondary end points included the distance walked in 6 minutes and the health-related quality of life.

Results: Among the patients receiving ferric carboxymaltose, 50% reported being much or moderately improved, as compared with 28% of patients receiving AZD6738 price placebo, according

to the Patient Global Assessment (odds ratio for improvement, 2.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.75 to 3.61). Among the patients assigned to ferric carboxymaltose, 47% had an NYHA functional class

I or II at week 24, as compared with 30% of patients assigned to placebo (odds ratio for improvement by one class, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.55 to 3.71). Results were similar in patients with anemia and those without anemia. Significant improvements were seen with ferric carboxymaltose in the distance on the 6-minute walk test and quality-of-life assessments. The rates of death, adverse events, and serious adverse events were similar in the two study groups.

Conclusions: Treatment with intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency, with or without anemia, improves symptoms, functional capacity, and quality of life; the side-effect profile is acceptable. (ClinicalTrials.gov AZD1080 number, NCT00520780.)

N Engl J Med 2009;361:2436-48.”
“Aims:

Solvent-tolerant bacteria have emerged as a new class of micro-organisms able to grow at high concentrations of toxic solvents. Such bacteria and their solvent-stable enzymes are perceived to be useful for biotransformations in nonaqueous media. In the present study, the solvent-responsive features of a lipase-producing, solvent-tolerant strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa PseA have been investigated to understand the cellular mechanisms followed under solvent-rich conditions.

No drug effects were found on the left index finger indicating th

No drug effects were found on the left index finger indicating that the drug had no effect on performance per se. The current results Repotrectinib cell line provide further evidence that in humans cholinergic mechanisms are also involved in non-associative learning induced by passive stimulation protocols. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Drug discovery to lessen the burden of chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease remains a principle goal of translational research in nephrology. In this review, we provide an overview of the current development of small molecule cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)/glycogen

synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitors as therapeutic agents for parenchymal renal diseases. The emergence of this drug family has resulted from the recognition that CDKs and GSK-3s play critical roles in the progression and regression of many kidney diseases. CDK/GSK-3 inhibitors suppress pathogenic proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation, and promote regeneration of injured tissue. Preclinical efficacy has now been demonstrated in mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, crescentic Geneticin ic50 glomerulonephritis, collapsing glomerulopathy, proliferative lupus nephritis, polycystic kidney diseases, diabetic nephropathy, and several forms

of acute kidney injury. Novel biomarkers of therapy are aiding the process of drug development. This review will highlight these advancements in renal

therapeutics.”
“Changes in the activity of putative interneurons of the stratum oriens of the hippocampus and hippocampal EEG after the delivery of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline (1.0 nmol/l mu l) to the medial septal region were investigated in awake rabbits. The injection of bicuculline produced a sharp increase in the firing rate in 94.3% of hippocampal cells. The effect of bicuculline on the neuronal theta rhythmicity depended on the number of injections. The first five daily infusions decreased the theta activity in 85.7% of cells. On the fourth to fifth experimental days paroxysmal discharges and 8-15 Hz oscillations were recorded in the hippocampal EEG. Six to seven further daily bicuculline injections following a brief diminution of theta activity produced a sharp augmentation of theta selleck chemicals llc oscillations in 78.9% of cells and provoked seizures. Immediately before seizures, stabilization of theta bursts and an increase in burst frequency was usually observed in putative interneurons. During seizures, neuronal rhythmic activity was either disordered and then turned into seizure discharges or was inhibited, partially or completely. In the hippocampal EEG, the power of theta rhythm before seizures usually strongly increased compared with controls. Injection of the GABA(A) agonist muscimol (30 nmol/l mu l) 15 min before bicuculline infusion prevented the development of seizures.

Neuronal tracing revealed that the greatest nerve density was not

Neuronal tracing revealed that the greatest nerve density was noted in the L5/6 spinal cord. The distribution extended from S1 to L2 with no labeling seen in the L3 spinal cord. Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase labeling was seen caudal in levels S1 through L4 and rostral in L2.

Conclusions: Understanding the neuroanatomy of the clitoris using a murine model may provide a valuable tool for the study of sexual arousal disorders and the further understanding of sexual function related to neural pathologies and trauma.”
“Good balance

is an imperative skill for daily life that requires the complex integration of sensory information regarding the position of the body relative to the surroundings and the ability to generate appropriate motor responses to control Transmembrane Transporters inhibitor body movement. Balance calls upon contributions from vision, Fedratinib vestibular sense, proprioception, muscle strength and reaction time. With increased age, there is a progressive loss of functioning of these systems which can contribute to balance deficits. Balance disorders represent a growing public health concern due to the association with falls and fall-related injuries, particularly in regions of the world in which high proportions of the population are elderly. Falls present one of the most serious and costly

problems associated with older adulthood. Falls can mark the beginning of a decline in function and independence and are the leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation in older people. One in three people over the age of 65 years who are living in the community experience at least one fall each year and 10-15% of these falls are associated with serious injury. In economic terms, the direct and indirect https://www.selleck.cn/products/verubecestat.html costs associated with falls are large and will grow as the proportion of older people increases. Consequently, understanding age-related changes

in the physiological systems imperative to balance is of utmost importance to prevent falls in older people and reduce the injury-related burden on individuals and society. (c) 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: This article introduces practicing urologists to the critical appraisal of systematic reviews and meta-analyses to guide their evidence-based clinical practice.

Materials and Methods: Using a urological clinical case scenario we introduce a 3-step process in evaluating systematic reviews and meta-analyses by considering 1) the validity of the review results, 2) what the results are, and 3) the extent to which the results can and should be applied to patient care.

Results: A systematic review seeks to synthesize the medical literature about a specific clinical question using explicit methods to perform a comprehensive literature search, identify and select eligible studies, critically appraise their methods, and judiciously summarize the results considering how they vary with study characteristics.


“Phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in animal cells is prima


“Phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in animal cells is primarily regulated by the rapid translocation of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase alpha between a soluble form that is inactive and a membrane-associated form that is activated. Until less than 10 years ago there was no information on the transcriptional regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Research has identified the transcription factors Sp1, Rb, TEF4, Ets-1 and E2F as enhancing the expression of the cytidylyltransferase and Net as a factor that represses cytidylyltransferase expression. Key transcription factors involved in cholesterol or fatty acid metabolism (SREBPs, LXRs, PPARs) do not have a major role

in transcriptional regulation of the cytidylyltransferase. Rather than VE-821 cell line being linked to cholesterol or energy metabolism, regulation of the cytidylyltransferase is linked to the cell cycle, cell growth and differentiation. Transcriptional regulation of phospholipid Rigosertib in vitro biosynthesis is more elegantly understood in yeast and involves responses to inositol, choline and zinc in the culture medium. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Filamentous microbes that form highly developed symbiotic associations (ranging from pathogenesis to mutualism) with their hosts include fungi, oomycetes and actinomycete bacteria. These organisms share many

common features in growth, development and infection and have evolved similar strategies for neutralizing host defense responses to establish symbioses. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have led to a remarkable increase in the number of sequenced genomes of filamentous organisms. Analysis of the available genomes has provided useful information

about genes that might be important for host infection and colonization. However, because many functional similarities among these organisms have arisen by convergent evolution, sequence-based genomic comparisons will miss many genes that are functionally analogous. In the absence of sequence similarity, annotating genes with standardized terms from the Gene Ontology (GO) can facilitate functional comparisons. Here, we review common strategies employed by filamentous organisms during colonization of their Urease hosts, with reference to GO terms that best describe the processes involved.”
“Understanding the effects of viral infection has typically focused on specific virus-host interactions such as tissue tropism, immune responses and histopathology. However, modeling viral pathogenesis requires information about the functions of gene products from both virus and host, and how these products interact. Recent developments in the functional annotation of genomes using Gene Ontology (GO) and in modeling functional interactions among gene products, together with an increased interest in systems biology, provide an excellent opportunity to generate global interaction models for viral infection.

Treatment

Treatment Elacridar in vitro duration was 2 months to greater than 3 years.

Conclusions: Giggle incontinence with no other urinary symptoms is a rare form of incontinence. Methylphenidate was a viable option for giggle incontinence but it was not accepted by all families.”
“Abnormal behaviors

and death associated with the use of oseltamivir (Tamiflu (R)) have emerged as a major issue in influenza patients taking the drug. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the effects of oseltamivir on the behavior of mice using light-dark and open-field preference tests. Oseltamivir (75 and 150 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) alone affected neither time spent in the open area in the light-dark IPI145 price preference test nor ambulation in the open-field test at 2 h post-injection. However, a nonselective adenosine A(1)/A(2) receptor antagonist, caffeine (110 mg/kg, i.p.) in combination with oseltamivir (150 mg/kg, i.p.) increased time spent in the open area in the light-dark preference test. This enhancement was not inhibited by a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil (10-20 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.)). Enhancement of ambulation in the open-field test was also

observed when caffeine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was combined with oseltamivir (150 mg/kg, i.p.). This enhancement was inhibited by a dopamine D(2) receptor antagonist, haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg, s.c.). Furthermore, an adenosine A(2) receptor antagonist, SCH58261 (3 mg/kg, i.p.) in combination with oseltamivir (150 mg/kg, i.p.) increased ambulation in the open-field test, while an adenosine A(1) receptor antagonist, DPCPX (1-3 mg/kg, i.p.) did not. These findings suggest that the actions of oseltamivir may involve the dopamine and adenosine systems. Our findings suggest that due to the interaction between central blockade of adenosine A(2) receptors by

caffeine, and oseltamivir-induced behavioral changes, patients being treated with oseltamivir should be closely monitored. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Using 2 anticholinergic medications simultaneously (10 LY3023414 mw to 30 mg oxybutynin, 4 mg tolterodine and/or 5 to 10 mg solifenacin) we optimized the medical therapy for children in whom single agent anticholinergic therapy failed. We evaluated efficacy, tolerability and safety.

Materials and Methods: Children with refractory overactive bladder and incontinence were included in a prospective, open label protocol. Study inclusion criteria were persistent symptoms on medical and behavioral therapy, absence of correctable neurological anomalies, and partial clinical and urodynamic responses on an optimal dose of 1 well tolerated, long acting anticholinergic. Patients were followed prospectively every 3 months. The primary end point was efficacy for continence and the secondary end points were tolerability and safety.

5]decane-7,9-dione hydrochloride, termed JB-788, was designed to

5]decane-7,9-dione hydrochloride, termed JB-788, was designed to selectively target 5-HT1A receptors. In the present study, the pharmacological profile of JB-788 was characterized in vitro using radioligands binding tests and in vivo using neurochemical and behavioural experiments. JB-788 bound tightly to human 5-HT1A receptor

expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293) cells with a K-1 value of selleck screening library 0.8 nM. Its binding affinity is in the same range as that observed for the (+/-)8-OH-DPAT, a reference 5HT(1A) agonist compound. Notably, JB-788 only bound weakly to 5-HT1B or 5-HT2A receptors and moreover the drug displayed only weak or indetectable binding to muscarinic, alpha(2), beta(1) and beta(2) adrenergic receptors, or dopaminergic D-1 receptors. JB-788 was found to display substantial binding affinity for dopaminergic D-2 receptors and, to a lesser extend to alpha(1) adrenoreceptors. JB-788 dose-dependently decreased forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation in HEK cells expressing human 5-HT1A, thus acting as a potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist (E-max 75%, EC50 3.5 nM). JB-788 did not exhibit any D-2 receptor agonism but progressively inhibited the effects of quinpirole, a D-2 receptor agonist, in the cAMP accumulation test with a K-1 value of 250 nM. JB-788 induced a weak change in cAMP levels in mouse brain

but, like some antipsychotics, transiently Pevonedistat nmr increased glycogen contents in various brain regions. Behavioral effects were investigated in mice using the elevated plus-maze. JB-788 was found to increase the time duration spent by animals in anxiogenic situations. Locomotor hyperactivity induced by methamphetamine in mouse, a model of antipsychotic activity, was dose-dependently

inhibited by JB-788. Altogether, these results suggest that JB-788 displays pharmacological properties, which could be of interest in the area of anxiolytic and antipsychotic drugs. (C) 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Thymidine kinase Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV) are excellent candidate vectors for vaccination against human diseases. The neurovirulence of VSV in animal models requires the attenuation of the virus for use in humans. Previous efforts have focused on attenuating virus replication. Studies presented here test an alternative approach for attenuation that uses a matrix (M) protein mutant (rM51R) VSV as a vaccine vector against respiratory infection. This mutant is attenuated for viral virulence by its inability to suppress the innate immune response. The ability of rM51R VSV vectors to protect against lethal respiratory challenge was tested using a vaccinia virus intranasal challenge model. Mice immunized intranasally with rM51R vectors expressing vaccinia virus antigens B5R and L1R were protected against lethal vaccinia virus challenge.

Methods We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled stu

Methods We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 709 patients from 22 centres in China. Participants were eligible if they were diagnosed as having COPD with a postbronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio (FEV1/FVC) of less than 0.7 and an FEV1 between 25% and 79% of the predicted

value, were aged between 40 and 80 years, had a history of at least two COPD exacerbations within the previous 2 years, and had remained clinically stable for over 4 weeks before the study. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 1500 mg carbocisteine or placebo per day for a year. The primary endpoint was exacerbation rate over 1 year, and analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered with the Japan Clinical Trials Registry (http://umin. ac.jp/ctr/index/htm) number UMIN-CRT C000000233.

Findings 354 patients were assigned to the carbocisteine ABT-737 manufacturer group and 355 to the placebo group. Numbers of exacerbations

per patient per year declined significantly in the AZD5582 manufacturer carbocisteine group compared with the placebo group (1.01 [SE 0.06] vs 1.35 [SE 0.06]), risk ratio 0.75 (95% CI 0.62-0.92, p=0.004). Non-significant interactions were found between the preventive effects and COPD severity, smoking, as well as concomitant use of inhaled corticosteroids. Carbocisteine was well tolerated.

Interpretation Mucolytics, such as carbocisteine, should be recognised as learn more a worthwhile treatment for prevention of exacerbations in Chinese patients with COPD.”
“Background Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of travellers’ diarrhoea. We investigated the rate of diarrhoea attacks, safety, and feasibility of a vaccine containing heat-labile

enterotoxin (LT) from ETEC delivered to the skin by patch in travellers to Mexico and Guatemala.

Methods In this phase 11 study, healthy adults (aged 18-64 years) who planned to travel to Mexico or Guatemala and had access to a US regional vaccination centre were eligible. A centralised randomisation code was used for allocation, which was masked to participants and site staff. Primary endpoints were to investigate the field rate of ETEC diarrhoea, and to assess the safety of heat-labile toxins from E coli (LT) delivered via patch. Secondary endpoints included vaccine efficacy against travellers’ diarrhoea and ETEC. Participants were vaccinated before travel, with two patches given 2-3 weeks apart. Patches contained either 37.5 mu g of LT or placebo. Participants tracked stool output on diary cards in country and provided samples for pathogen identification if diarrhoea occurred. Diarrhoea was graded by the number of loose stools in 24 h: mild (three), moderate (four or five), and severe (at least six). Analysis was per protocol. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00516659.

Findings Recruitment closed after 201 participants were assigned patches.

Conclusion: The earlier response of [C-11]Met uptake to tumor rad

Conclusion: The earlier response of [C-11]Met uptake to tumor radiotherapy could be attributable find more to the decline in the intracellular energy-dependent reactions of tumors due to radiotherapy. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Synergy is observed with the combination of capecitabine and docetaxel due to docetaxel mediated up-regulation of thymidine phosphorylase. A phase II

trial was performed with the combination for metastatic, castrate resistant prostate cancer.

Materials and Methods: Eligible patients had metastatic, castrate resistant prostate cancer, no prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease and normal organ function. Docetaxel (36 mg/m(2) per week intravenously) on days 1, 8 and 15, and capecitabine (1,250 mg/m(2) per day in 2 divided doses) on days 5 to 18 were administered in 28-day cycles. The response was assessed every 2 cycles. Biomarker correlative studies were performed on blood dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, and the thymidine phosphorylase-to-dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and thymidine synthase-to-dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase ratios in available prostate tumor tissue.

Results: A total of 30 patients with a median age of 69 years were enrolled

in the study. We noted bone pain in 21 patients (70%), Gleason score 8 or higher in 18 (60%), measurable disease progression in 9, bone scan progression in 18 and prostate click here Pexidartinib specific antigen progression in 22. Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia was seen in 3 patients and grade 3 hand-foot syndrome was found in 2. No treatment related deaths occurred. A prostate specific antigen response of 50% or greater

decrease was observed in 22 patients (73%), of whom 9 (30%) had 90% or greater decrease. A partial response was noted in 5 of 9 patients (56%) with measurable disease. Median time to progression was 6.7 months (90% CI 4.2-7.7) and median overall survival was 22.0 months (90% CI 18.4-25.3).

Conclusions: The combination was well tolerated and it demonstrated favorable response rates with durable remission and survival outcomes.”
“Carbohydrate fatty acid esters are nonionic biosurfactants, which can be synthesized from the esterification of mono- or oligosaccharides by enzymatic catalysis. These esters are increasingly used as important commodity chemicals, such as low calorific sweeteners and biosurfactants in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Recently, some of the ester derivatives have shown their therapeutic potential with antitumor activity, plant growth inhibition and antibiotic activities, which became one of the ‘hot’ subjects for various biological processes. However, this potential has not been fully explored because the production of oligoesters (e.g.