Average staining of each sample was determined and the means of t

Average staining of each sample was determined and the means of these averages are depicted below. Wildtype 2 dpf larvae were injected with azaC or control as above. At 4 dpf, larvae were immobilized in Tricaine EPZ-6438 chemical structure and livers were removed and placed in RNAlater. After RNA isolation, two rounds of amplification were performed. The final RNA was

analyzed using an Agilent Bioanalyzer to ensure adequate quality. Labeling was performed using standard reagents to add Cy3, and the labeled RNA was hybridized to Affymetrix zebrafish genome arrays. The raw microarray data were processed by dChip software (biosun1.harvard.edu/complab/dchip) to generate gene-level expression measurements. Annotation beyond that supplied by Affymetrix was performed using information on the Sanger Center Website (www.sanger.ac.uk). The zebrafish genes were then mapped to corresponding human genes

Cell Cycle inhibitor by way of the NCBI HomoloGene database (www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/homologene) and mapped human gene symbols were used as inputs of analysis. Important pathways were determined by running the annotated data through Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (www.gsea. com) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (www.ipa.com). Statistical cutoffs for pathways identified by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were P < 0.05 and false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.10, and P < 0.05 for ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). Because zebrafish platforms are not completely annotated, we probably identified fewer pathways. We isolated RNA from control, azaC-treated, and azaC- and prednisone-treated 5 dpf larvae, similar to previous studies. Following conversion to complementary DNA (cDNA), we performed quantitative PCR similar to previous studies, normalizing to hprt. Primers to hprt and vhnf1 have been published.26 Primers for irf1, igfr1, psmb9a, irgf1, and tp53 are depicted in Supporting Information Table S1. Statistical analysis for quantification of methylcytosine staining was performed using Student's

t test on Microsoft Excel. Statistical analysis of microarray data was performed using the analysis within GSEA and IPA. For analysis of PED6 uptake in the prednisone-treated larvae, chi-square analysis was performed (www.graphpad.com). The zebrafish mutant duct-trip (dtp) is caused by mutation MCE公司 in the gene for S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase (ahcy), which leads to reduced DNA methylation in dtp due to accumulation of S-adenosyl homocysteine, a potent inhibitor of transmethylation reactions.33dtp larvae demonstrated hepatic steatosis and progressive liver degeneration,33 but otherwise had normal morphology.30 To examine biliary development in dtp mutants, we examined their ability to process PED6, which we have previously shown serves as a readout of biliary secretion and can be used to indirectly examine biliary anatomy.34 Figure 1 demonstrates reduced processing of PED6 by dtp larvae, suggesting structural biliary defects.

Average staining of each sample was determined and the means of t

Average staining of each sample was determined and the means of these averages are depicted below. Wildtype 2 dpf larvae were injected with azaC or control as above. At 4 dpf, larvae were immobilized in Tricaine SCH772984 clinical trial and livers were removed and placed in RNAlater. After RNA isolation, two rounds of amplification were performed. The final RNA was

analyzed using an Agilent Bioanalyzer to ensure adequate quality. Labeling was performed using standard reagents to add Cy3, and the labeled RNA was hybridized to Affymetrix zebrafish genome arrays. The raw microarray data were processed by dChip software (biosun1.harvard.edu/complab/dchip) to generate gene-level expression measurements. Annotation beyond that supplied by Affymetrix was performed using information on the Sanger Center Website (www.sanger.ac.uk). The zebrafish genes were then mapped to corresponding human genes

GSK2126458 supplier by way of the NCBI HomoloGene database (www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/homologene) and mapped human gene symbols were used as inputs of analysis. Important pathways were determined by running the annotated data through Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (www.gsea. com) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (www.ipa.com). Statistical cutoffs for pathways identified by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were P < 0.05 and false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.10, and P < 0.05 for ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). Because zebrafish platforms are not completely annotated, we probably identified fewer pathways. We isolated RNA from control, azaC-treated, and azaC- and prednisone-treated 5 dpf larvae, similar to previous studies. Following conversion to complementary DNA (cDNA), we performed quantitative PCR similar to previous studies, normalizing to hprt. Primers to hprt and vhnf1 have been published.26 Primers for irf1, igfr1, psmb9a, irgf1, and tp53 are depicted in Supporting Information Table S1. Statistical analysis for quantification of methylcytosine staining was performed using Student's

t test on Microsoft Excel. Statistical analysis of microarray data was performed using the analysis within GSEA and IPA. For analysis of PED6 uptake in the prednisone-treated larvae, chi-square analysis was performed (www.graphpad.com). The zebrafish mutant duct-trip (dtp) is caused by mutation 上海皓元 in the gene for S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase (ahcy), which leads to reduced DNA methylation in dtp due to accumulation of S-adenosyl homocysteine, a potent inhibitor of transmethylation reactions.33dtp larvae demonstrated hepatic steatosis and progressive liver degeneration,33 but otherwise had normal morphology.30 To examine biliary development in dtp mutants, we examined their ability to process PED6, which we have previously shown serves as a readout of biliary secretion and can be used to indirectly examine biliary anatomy.34 Figure 1 demonstrates reduced processing of PED6 by dtp larvae, suggesting structural biliary defects.

Average staining of each sample was determined and the means of t

Average staining of each sample was determined and the means of these averages are depicted below. Wildtype 2 dpf larvae were injected with azaC or control as above. At 4 dpf, larvae were immobilized in Tricaine http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ulixertinib-bvd-523-vrt752271.html and livers were removed and placed in RNAlater. After RNA isolation, two rounds of amplification were performed. The final RNA was

analyzed using an Agilent Bioanalyzer to ensure adequate quality. Labeling was performed using standard reagents to add Cy3, and the labeled RNA was hybridized to Affymetrix zebrafish genome arrays. The raw microarray data were processed by dChip software (biosun1.harvard.edu/complab/dchip) to generate gene-level expression measurements. Annotation beyond that supplied by Affymetrix was performed using information on the Sanger Center Website (www.sanger.ac.uk). The zebrafish genes were then mapped to corresponding human genes

selleck inhibitor by way of the NCBI HomoloGene database (www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/homologene) and mapped human gene symbols were used as inputs of analysis. Important pathways were determined by running the annotated data through Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (www.gsea. com) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (www.ipa.com). Statistical cutoffs for pathways identified by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were P < 0.05 and false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.10, and P < 0.05 for ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). Because zebrafish platforms are not completely annotated, we probably identified fewer pathways. We isolated RNA from control, azaC-treated, and azaC- and prednisone-treated 5 dpf larvae, similar to previous studies. Following conversion to complementary DNA (cDNA), we performed quantitative PCR similar to previous studies, normalizing to hprt. Primers to hprt and vhnf1 have been published.26 Primers for irf1, igfr1, psmb9a, irgf1, and tp53 are depicted in Supporting Information Table S1. Statistical analysis for quantification of methylcytosine staining was performed using Student's

t test on Microsoft Excel. Statistical analysis of microarray data was performed using the analysis within GSEA and IPA. For analysis of PED6 uptake in the prednisone-treated larvae, chi-square analysis was performed (www.graphpad.com). The zebrafish mutant duct-trip (dtp) is caused by mutation 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 in the gene for S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase (ahcy), which leads to reduced DNA methylation in dtp due to accumulation of S-adenosyl homocysteine, a potent inhibitor of transmethylation reactions.33dtp larvae demonstrated hepatic steatosis and progressive liver degeneration,33 but otherwise had normal morphology.30 To examine biliary development in dtp mutants, we examined their ability to process PED6, which we have previously shown serves as a readout of biliary secretion and can be used to indirectly examine biliary anatomy.34 Figure 1 demonstrates reduced processing of PED6 by dtp larvae, suggesting structural biliary defects.

All names of treated species were applied unequivocally by linkin

All names of treated species were applied unequivocally by linking partial rbcL sequences from holotype, isotype or epitype specimens with field-collected material. Variation in rbcL and psbA sequences suggested that multiple species may be passing under each currently recognized species of Clathromorphum, and Neopolyporolithon. This article is protected by copyright. All

rights reserved. “
“Routine DNA barcoding of the Haida Gwaii seaweed flora revealed “endemic species” attributed initially to this region’s past as a glacial refugium. However, subsequent barcode records from central California rapidly eroded this list leaving species characterized by disjunct distributions (DD) between California and Haida Gwaii. This Alvelestat purchase observation prompted a more detailed look at species for California and British Columbia and revealed that 33 of 180 DNA-barcoded genetic groups in common between these Dorsomorphin regions (~18%) predominantly displayed DD between California and northern British Columbia. A previous discovery that a red abalone shell found in Haida Gwaii (far north of its

range) had a float-bearing kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) holdfast attached to it prompted a closer consideration of the COI-5P barcode data in support of a “kelp conveyor hypothesis.” The hypothesis posits that there has been a net migration of Californian species to northern British Columbia the vector being species growing on substrata carried along with kelp rafts on the winter Davidson Current. “
“Skidaway medchemexpress Institute of Oceanography, Savannah, Georgia, USA Marine phytoplankton have conserved elemental stoichiometry, but there can be significant deviations from this Redfield ratio. Moreover, phytoplankton allocate reduced carbon (C) to different biochemical pools based on nutritional status and light availability, adding

complexity to this relationship. This allocation influences physiology, ecology, and biogeochemistry. Here, we present results on the physiological and biochemical properties of two evolutionarily distinct model marine phytoplankton, a diatom (cf. Staurosira sp. Ehrenberg) and a chlorophyte (Chlorella sp. M. Beijerinck) grown under light and nitrogen resource gradients to characterize how carbon is allocated under different energy and substrate conditions. We found that nitrogen (N)-replete growth rate increased monotonically with light until it reached a threshold intensity (~200 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1). For Chlorella sp., the nitrogen quota (pg · μm−3) was greatest below this threshold, beyond which it was reduced by the effect of N-stress, while for Staurosira sp. there was no trend. Both species maintained constant maximum quantum yield of photosynthesis (mol C · mol photons−1) over the range of light and N-gradients studied (although each species used different photophysiological strategies). In both species, C:chl a (g · g−1) increased as a function of light and N-stress, while C:N (mol · mol−1) and relative neutral lipid:C (rel.

All names of treated species were applied unequivocally by linkin

All names of treated species were applied unequivocally by linking partial rbcL sequences from holotype, isotype or epitype specimens with field-collected material. Variation in rbcL and psbA sequences suggested that multiple species may be passing under each currently recognized species of Clathromorphum, and Neopolyporolithon. This article is protected by copyright. All

rights reserved. “
“Routine DNA barcoding of the Haida Gwaii seaweed flora revealed “endemic species” attributed initially to this region’s past as a glacial refugium. However, subsequent barcode records from central California rapidly eroded this list leaving species characterized by disjunct distributions (DD) between California and Haida Gwaii. This http://www.selleckchem.com/products/BI6727-Volasertib.html observation prompted a more detailed look at species for California and British Columbia and revealed that 33 of 180 DNA-barcoded genetic groups in common between these selleck products regions (~18%) predominantly displayed DD between California and northern British Columbia. A previous discovery that a red abalone shell found in Haida Gwaii (far north of its

range) had a float-bearing kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) holdfast attached to it prompted a closer consideration of the COI-5P barcode data in support of a “kelp conveyor hypothesis.” The hypothesis posits that there has been a net migration of Californian species to northern British Columbia the vector being species growing on substrata carried along with kelp rafts on the winter Davidson Current. “
“Skidaway 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 Institute of Oceanography, Savannah, Georgia, USA Marine phytoplankton have conserved elemental stoichiometry, but there can be significant deviations from this Redfield ratio. Moreover, phytoplankton allocate reduced carbon (C) to different biochemical pools based on nutritional status and light availability, adding

complexity to this relationship. This allocation influences physiology, ecology, and biogeochemistry. Here, we present results on the physiological and biochemical properties of two evolutionarily distinct model marine phytoplankton, a diatom (cf. Staurosira sp. Ehrenberg) and a chlorophyte (Chlorella sp. M. Beijerinck) grown under light and nitrogen resource gradients to characterize how carbon is allocated under different energy and substrate conditions. We found that nitrogen (N)-replete growth rate increased monotonically with light until it reached a threshold intensity (~200 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1). For Chlorella sp., the nitrogen quota (pg · μm−3) was greatest below this threshold, beyond which it was reduced by the effect of N-stress, while for Staurosira sp. there was no trend. Both species maintained constant maximum quantum yield of photosynthesis (mol C · mol photons−1) over the range of light and N-gradients studied (although each species used different photophysiological strategies). In both species, C:chl a (g · g−1) increased as a function of light and N-stress, while C:N (mol · mol−1) and relative neutral lipid:C (rel.

Compared with cells cultured in media without HGF, we found that

Compared with cells cultured in media without HGF, we found that the presence of HGF may have a synergistic effect with activin A and Wnt3a and is able to efficiently drive iPSCs toward a definitive commitment to endoderm formation. Although several studies have demonstrated that HGF exerts several functions during angiogenesis and tumor progression,

the role of HGF in embryonic development remains poorly understood. It has been previously reported that HGF induces a scattering of epithelial cells by up-regulating selleck chemical the expression of Snail, which is a transcription factor that controls the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. According to our findings, HGF induces a rapid increase in the expression of the definitive endoderm markers, Sox17 and Foxa2. The cell morphology of the iPSC also quickly changes into a spiky shape. Furthermore, the transcription factor Snail, which is a strong check details repressor

of transcription of the E-cadherin gene, is up-regulated by the endodermal induction medium containing HGF, but not by medium without HGF (data not shown). Therefore, further analysis of the molecular mechanism related to HGF activities during early embryonic development is important to controlling hepatic lineage formation. Using our protocol, it is possible to bring about the rapid and efficient generation of mature cells that exhibited characteristics of hepatocytes. The cytochrome P450 enzymes are critical enzymes associated with drug metabolism and

the general metabolism of the human liver. The iPSC-derived hepatocyte cells expressed detectable enzyme activity for CYP3A4, MCE公司 which is the most important of the cytochrome P450s. This suggests strongly that these differentiated cells have the potential to be applied during in vitro model drug screening. The in vitro differentiation system reported here that allows the differentiation of hepatocyte-like cells has numerous advantages. First, it should be possible to use these cells to treat diseases. This is because the method creates hepatocyte-like cells from human iPSCs, and these iPSCs can be reprogrammed from patient somatic cells. Second, the process is very rapid and highly efficient. Using our system, the differentiation of human iPSCs into functional hepatocyte-like cells requires only 12 days. This will facilitate the development of therapeutic protocols. In conclusion, we have shown that human iPSCs can be directed to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in a rapid and efficient manner, through use of a three-step protocol. According to the gene expression pattern and functional analysis of the iPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells, we believe that this study has advanced the hepatogenic differentiation field.

These conditions may favor the appearance of nonalcoholic fatty l

These conditions may favor the appearance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and, in inflammatory conditions, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.11 The current study shows that clinical concentrations

of EFV induce a condition of bioenergetic stress in hepatic cells by inhibiting mitochondrial function through an acute mechanism that is independent of mitochondrial check details DNA replication. This leads to the accumulation of lipids in the cytoplasm through a mechanism mediated by activation of AMPK. Coadministration of EFV with 3TC and ABC modifies some of the mitochondrial effects of EFV. 3TC, lamivudine; ABC, abacavir; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; DCFH-DA, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; EFV, Efavirenz; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HR-MAS, high resolution magic angle spectroscopy; NNRTIs, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NVP, nevirapine; P-AMPK, phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SEM, standard error of the mean. Unless stated otherwise, experiments were performed in human hepatoblastoma Hep3B cells (ATCC HB-8064), cultured

as AZD1208 purchase described previously.12 All reagents used for culture were obtained from Gibco (Invitrogen, MCE公司 Carlsbad, CA). Clinically available preparations of the NNRTI EFV (Sustiva 600 mg, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ) and Nevirapine (NVP, Viramune 200 mg, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany) were dissolved in methanol (3 mg/mL) or HCl 0.06 M (1 mg/mL), respectively, and insoluble substances were removed by filtration. The purity

and stability of these solutions (98%-100%) were evaluated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and compared with those of control solutions (Sequoia Research Products, Pangbourne, UK). ABC and 3TC (Sequoia Research Products) were dissolved in water. In control experiments, cells were treated with maximal amounts of 5.3 μL/mL methanol or 13.33 μL/mL HCl 0.06 M. Fluorescent probes were acquired from Molecular Probes (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), except for Hoechst 33342, which was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals (Steinheim, Germany), as were all the remaining chemicals. Animal studies were in accordance with institutional guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were supplied by Charles River Laboratories (Barcelona, Spain). Human liver tissue was obtained from biopsies from patients (3 women, 4 men) that had undergone surgical resection of liver tumors (Hospital “La Fe,” Valencia, Spain). Experiments were approved by the local ethics committee.

These conditions may favor the appearance of nonalcoholic fatty l

These conditions may favor the appearance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and, in inflammatory conditions, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.11 The current study shows that clinical concentrations

of EFV induce a condition of bioenergetic stress in hepatic cells by inhibiting mitochondrial function through an acute mechanism that is independent of mitochondrial buy Bortezomib DNA replication. This leads to the accumulation of lipids in the cytoplasm through a mechanism mediated by activation of AMPK. Coadministration of EFV with 3TC and ABC modifies some of the mitochondrial effects of EFV. 3TC, lamivudine; ABC, abacavir; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; DCFH-DA, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; EFV, Efavirenz; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HR-MAS, high resolution magic angle spectroscopy; NNRTIs, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NVP, nevirapine; P-AMPK, phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SEM, standard error of the mean. Unless stated otherwise, experiments were performed in human hepatoblastoma Hep3B cells (ATCC HB-8064), cultured

as selleck compound described previously.12 All reagents used for culture were obtained from Gibco (Invitrogen, 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 Carlsbad, CA). Clinically available preparations of the NNRTI EFV (Sustiva 600 mg, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ) and Nevirapine (NVP, Viramune 200 mg, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany) were dissolved in methanol (3 mg/mL) or HCl 0.06 M (1 mg/mL), respectively, and insoluble substances were removed by filtration. The purity

and stability of these solutions (98%-100%) were evaluated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and compared with those of control solutions (Sequoia Research Products, Pangbourne, UK). ABC and 3TC (Sequoia Research Products) were dissolved in water. In control experiments, cells were treated with maximal amounts of 5.3 μL/mL methanol or 13.33 μL/mL HCl 0.06 M. Fluorescent probes were acquired from Molecular Probes (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), except for Hoechst 33342, which was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals (Steinheim, Germany), as were all the remaining chemicals. Animal studies were in accordance with institutional guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were supplied by Charles River Laboratories (Barcelona, Spain). Human liver tissue was obtained from biopsies from patients (3 women, 4 men) that had undergone surgical resection of liver tumors (Hospital “La Fe,” Valencia, Spain). Experiments were approved by the local ethics committee.

5%, all of them mucosal breaks less than two; B:6/10, 60%, five o

5%, all of them mucosal breaks less than two; B:6/10, 60%, five of them more than three), petechiae or red spots, seen in 6 subjects (A:2/8, 25%; B:4/10, http://www.selleckchem.com/products/mi-503.html 40%), lymphangiectasis seen in 2 (both of them belong to B group). No bleeding had been seen. Conclusion: Among healthy subjects with lesion-free baseline VCEs, isinglass group was associated with significantly fewer small bowel mucosal breaks than diclofenac plus omeprazole. This study also showed that the background incidence of small bowel injure in healthy adults is not insignificant and should be considered in future trials. Key Word(s): 1. isinglass; 2. small bowel injury;

3. capsule endoscopy; 4. NSAIDs; Presenting Author: YI-LIN WANG Additional Authors: XIAO-RONG GONG, LI-SHOU XIONG, MIN-HU CHEN Corresponding Author: MIN-HU CHEN Affiliations: First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University Objective: Background: Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) usually overlap with lactose intolerance (LI), particularly the diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D), which make it difficult to differentiate IBS-D and LI. Self-reported milk intolerance is normally thought relevant see more to the diagnosis of LI in research and clinical practice. However, data on the prevalence of LI in patients with IBS from china are rare. Aim: To investigate the prevalence of LI in the IBS-D patients and healthy population in south China. To assess the relationship between

self-reported 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 milk intolerance and laboratory evidence of LI. And also to investigate if there any symptom of IBS-D or any other functional gastrointestinal disorder accompanied with IBS-D will suggest LI. Methods: Consecutive out-patients with IBS-D and healthy controls underwent 25 g lactose hydrogen breath test (LHBT). Lactose malabsorption (LM) was defined as the peak of breath H2 excretion over the baseline by more than 20 ppm. The related total symptoms score (TSS) within 8 hours were evaluated after lactose

administration. LI was defined as the TSS more than 1 point during the observation time on LM patients. Those patients with a negative LHBT underwent lactulose hydrogen breath test within 1 week. No excretion of increased amount of H2 was defined as non-producer. During the test, all the patients with IBS-D were confirmed whether they were self-report milk intolerance and finish the Chinese version of Asia-Pacific Roma III questionnaire. Results: A total of 108 eligible IBS-D patients (Rome III criteria) and 50 health controls were enrolled. Thirteen (12%) IBS-D patients and 3 (6%) health controls are non-producers. The prevalence of LM was no different between IBS-D patients and control group (85%, 82/96 vs 72%, 34/47; P = 0.061). But LI got a higher prevalence in IBS patients than in the health subjects (45%, 43/96 vs 17%, 8/47; P = 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of self-reported milk intolerance in detecting LI was 57%, 56%, 52% and 60%, respectively.

5%, all of them mucosal breaks less than two; B:6/10, 60%, five o

5%, all of them mucosal breaks less than two; B:6/10, 60%, five of them more than three), petechiae or red spots, seen in 6 subjects (A:2/8, 25%; B:4/10, selleck chemical 40%), lymphangiectasis seen in 2 (both of them belong to B group). No bleeding had been seen. Conclusion: Among healthy subjects with lesion-free baseline VCEs, isinglass group was associated with significantly fewer small bowel mucosal breaks than diclofenac plus omeprazole. This study also showed that the background incidence of small bowel injure in healthy adults is not insignificant and should be considered in future trials. Key Word(s): 1. isinglass; 2. small bowel injury;

3. capsule endoscopy; 4. NSAIDs; Presenting Author: YI-LIN WANG Additional Authors: XIAO-RONG GONG, LI-SHOU XIONG, MIN-HU CHEN Corresponding Author: MIN-HU CHEN Affiliations: First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University Objective: Background: Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) usually overlap with lactose intolerance (LI), particularly the diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D), which make it difficult to differentiate IBS-D and LI. Self-reported milk intolerance is normally thought relevant Tanespimycin clinical trial to the diagnosis of LI in research and clinical practice. However, data on the prevalence of LI in patients with IBS from china are rare. Aim: To investigate the prevalence of LI in the IBS-D patients and healthy population in south China. To assess the relationship between

self-reported 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 milk intolerance and laboratory evidence of LI. And also to investigate if there any symptom of IBS-D or any other functional gastrointestinal disorder accompanied with IBS-D will suggest LI. Methods: Consecutive out-patients with IBS-D and healthy controls underwent 25 g lactose hydrogen breath test (LHBT). Lactose malabsorption (LM) was defined as the peak of breath H2 excretion over the baseline by more than 20 ppm. The related total symptoms score (TSS) within 8 hours were evaluated after lactose

administration. LI was defined as the TSS more than 1 point during the observation time on LM patients. Those patients with a negative LHBT underwent lactulose hydrogen breath test within 1 week. No excretion of increased amount of H2 was defined as non-producer. During the test, all the patients with IBS-D were confirmed whether they were self-report milk intolerance and finish the Chinese version of Asia-Pacific Roma III questionnaire. Results: A total of 108 eligible IBS-D patients (Rome III criteria) and 50 health controls were enrolled. Thirteen (12%) IBS-D patients and 3 (6%) health controls are non-producers. The prevalence of LM was no different between IBS-D patients and control group (85%, 82/96 vs 72%, 34/47; P = 0.061). But LI got a higher prevalence in IBS patients than in the health subjects (45%, 43/96 vs 17%, 8/47; P = 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of self-reported milk intolerance in detecting LI was 57%, 56%, 52% and 60%, respectively.