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16. Goto M, et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:3068–74. (Level 4)   17. Bjørneklett R, et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:1485–91. (Level buy CP673451 4)   18. Berthoux F, et al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:752–61. (Level 4)   19. Szeto CC, et al. Am J Med. 2001;110:434–7. (Level 4)   20. Shen P, et al. Neth J Med. 2008;66:242–7. (Level 4)   21. Lv J, et al. Nephrology (Carlton). 2008;13:242–6. (Level 4)   22. D’Amico G. Semin Nephrol. 2004;24:179–96.   Treatment of IgAN We evaluated the effectiveness Ketotifen of interventions in slowing the progression of renal dysfunction and decreasing urine protein based mainly on results of reported randomized parallel-group trials (Figs. 2, 3) and made

suggestions about treatment options (Fig. 4). Fig. 2 The summary of randomized controlled trials of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents in adult patients with IgAN. AZA azathioprine, CPA cyclophosphamide, CyA ciclosporin, ITT intention to treat, MMF mycophenolate mofetil, mPSL methylprednisolone, MZR mizoribine, PP pet protocol, PSL prednisolone, PSN prednisone. Mean ± SD, median value (25 %, 75 %), mean or median value (minimum − maximum). No statement, *p < 0.05, §pre-intervention medication rate. #Follow-up schedule period, †median value, aonly when the intervention period is limited, b only when the number of required cases is calculated Fig. 3 Summary of randomized controlled trials of RAS inhibitors, antiplatelet agents, and fish oils in adult patients with IgAN. EPA eicosapentaenoic acid, DHA docosahexaenoic acid, ITT intention to treat, NS not significant, PP pet protocol, SI selectivity index. Mean ± SD, median value (25 %, 75 %), mean or median value (minimum − maximum). No statement, *p < 0.05, §pre-intervention medication rate.