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Zhang H, Curreli F, Zhang X, Bhattacharya S, Waheed AA, Cooper A: Antiviral activity of a-helical stapled peptides designed from the HIV-1 capsid dimerization domain. Retrovirol 2011, 8:28. doi:10.1186/1742–4690–8-28 10.1186/1742-4690-8-28CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions HAR designed and performed the experiments and drafted the manuscript. HB and MP participated in the experiments and data analysis. NSR and RY participated buy Blasticidin S in the design and drafted the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are an important cause of infant diarrhea in developing countries [1]. The majority of EPEC isolates belong to classic serotypes derived from 12 classical O serogroups (O26, O55, O86, O111, O114, O119, O125, O126, O127, O128, O142, and O158) [2, 3]. EPEC induces attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions on epithelial cells, characterized by microvilli destruction, cytoskeleton rearrangement, and the formation of a pedestal-like

structure at the site of bacterial contact [4]. The A/E genes are localized to the locus for enterocyte effacement (LEE) and encode intimin, a type III buy Bindarit secretion system, secreted proteins and the Selleckchem Dactolisib translocated intimin receptor [5–7]. “Typical” EPEC strains (tEPEC) contain also the EPEC adherence factor Cetuximab concentration (EAF) plasmid [8], which carries genes encoding a regulator (per) [9] and the bundle-forming pili (BFP) [10]. EPEC strains lacking the EAF plasmid have been designated “atypical” EPEC (aEPEC) [11]. Recent epidemiological studies indicate that aEPEC are more prevalent than tEPEC in both developed and developing countries [1]. Some aEPEC strains are genetically related to the enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), and both are considered as emerging pathogens

[12]. Typical EPEC strains express only the virulence factors encoded by the LEE region and the EAF plasmid, with the exception of the cytolethal distending toxin produced by O86:H34 strains and the enteroaggregative heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1) found in O55:H6 and O127:H6 strains. In contrast, aEPEC strains frequently express EAST1 and additional virulence factors not encoded by LEE region [12]. In a previous study [13], EAST1 was the most frequent (24%) virulence factor found in a collection of 65 aEPEC strains, and was significantly associated with children diarrhea. EAST1-positive aEPEC strains have been associated with outbreaks of diarrhea involving children and adults in the United State [14] and Japan [15]. However, it is not sufficient to simply probe strains with an astA gene probe due to the existence of EAST1 variants [16]. In one study, 100% of the O26, O111, O145, and O157:H7 enterohemorrhagic E.