8 mA/cm2, 0.6 V, and 52%,

respectively. As listed in Table 2, it can also be observed that the J SC and V OC were on the same order as those of the devices based on the evaporated Ag anode [24]. However, the FF was significantly lower than that of the general inverted PSC based on the evaporated Ag anode, which was about 60%. It may be attributed to the high temperature of the sintering Procaspase activation process at about CT99021 in vitro 160°C ~ 180°C that could damage the active layer materials, resulting in discontinuous paths for charge transportation [43]. Therefore, further work would be focused on reducing the sintering temperature of spray-coated silver nanoparticle inks to obtain high-efficiency PSC. Figure 5 Current density-voltage characteristics of inverted PSC based on spray-coated Ag electrode. Table 2 Device characteristics of spray-coated PSCs Ag electrode ∆T (°C) Temperature (°C) V OC (V) J SC Selleckchem PD0332991 (mA/cm2) FF (%) PCE (%) In situ sintering 135 160 0.60 8.85 52 2.76 Evaporation – - 0.59 10.90 60 3.87 Conclusions In conclusion, spray coating method was successfully applied for the fabrication of accurate nanoscale conductive patterns consisting of silver nanoparticle inks. Homogeneous

and highly conductive patterns with low R sq less than 1 Ω/cm2 were obtained by optimizing the spray coating parameters. Meanwhile, in situ sintering was incorporated to facilitate the sintering process, leading to less time consumption and lower energy cost compared to the general post sintering process. Finally, the potential of silver nanoparticle inks for printed electronics was also testified by fabricating an inverted PSC based on the spray-coated silver electrode, which exhibited a high PCE of 2.76%. This approach would be significantly beneficial to widen the application of silver nanoparticle inks

and facilitate it to match the cost-effective and large-scale fabrication process of printed electronics. Acknowledgements CYTH4 This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (grant no. 61177032), the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the NSFC (grant no. 61021061), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant no. ZYGX2010Z004), and SRF for ROCS, SEM (grant no. GGRYJJ08-05). References 1. Liu SQ, Wu RF, Huang J, Yu JS: Color-tunable and high-efficiency organic light-emitting diode by adjusting exciton bilateral migration zone. Appl Phys Lett 2013, 103:133307.CrossRef 2. Wang Q, Yu JS, Zhao J, Li M, Lu ZY: Enhancement of charge carrier recombination efficiency by utilizing a hole-blocking interlayer in white OLED. J Phys D Appl Phys 2013, 46:155102.CrossRef 3. Huang W, Yu JS, Yu XG, Shi W: Polymer dielectric layer functionality in organic field-effect transistor based ammonia gas sensor. Org Electron 2013, 14:3453.CrossRef 4.