When ATZD was added at the same time as the PHA stimulation (in culture start, 0 h), the cells were exposed in the G1 stage. To obtain a sufficient number of analysable metaphases, colchicine was added at a final concentration of 0.0016%, 2 h prior to harvesting. The cells were harvested by centrifugation, treated with 0.075 M KCl Selleckchem NVP-BGJ398 at 37 °C for 20 min, centrifuged and fixed in 1:3 (v/v) acetic acid:methanol. Finally, the slides were prepared, air-dried and stained with a 3% Giemsa solution (pH 6.8) for 8 min (Moorhead et al., 1960). The slides were analysed with a light microscope; the structural and numerical CAs were examined during metaphase in the ATZD-treated IDO inhibitor cultures

and the respective controls. The frequency of CAs (in 100 metaphases per culture) and the mitotic index (MI, number of metaphases per 2.000 lymphocytes per culture) were determined. The ability of ATZD to

inhibit telomerase action was measured by determining telomere length using fluorescence in situ hybridisation with probes to telomeric sequences (TELO-FISH), as described by Lansdorp (1995) and Lansdorp et al. (1996). Short-term lymphocyte cultures were initiated according to a standard protocol (Preston et al., 1987) and were fixed (methanol: acetic acid, 3:1) on slides. The slides were hybridised with the pan telomeric Star FISH probe. The measurement of telomere length determined in each nucleus, was acquired using the image capturing software Applied Special Imaging

analysis system. The images were processed using the TFL-TELO software following the protocol (Poon et al., 1999). The data are presented as the means ± standard error of the mean of n experiments. The differences among experimental groups were compared using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a Newman–Keuls test (p < 0.05). All analyses were carried out using the GRAPHPAD programme (Intuitive Software for Science, San Diego, California, USA). Human colon carcinoma HCT-8 cells were treated with 2.5, 5 and 10 μg/ml of ATZD for 12- and/or 24-h and analysed in three different assays (trypan blue dye Sclareol exclusion, propidium iodide exclusion and BrdU incorporation). ATZD reduced the proliferation of HCT-8 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. After a 12-h incubation, cell proliferation was reduced at higher concentration tested, which was confirmed by trypan blue dye exclusion and propidium iodide exclusion (p < 0.05, Figs. 2A, C). After a 24-h incubation, ATZD reduced cell number (p < 0.05) at all concentrations tested using trypan blue dye exclusion ( Fig. 2B), propidium iodide exclusion ( Fig. 2D) and BrdU incorporation ( Fig. 3). m-AMSA, the positive control, also reduced HCT-8 cell proliferation.