We also could not detect transcripts spanning the nlpI and deaD reading frames, whilst the promoter prediction software bprom was able to identify a promoter region in the region separating nlpI from deaD with a high predicted probability (data not shown), suggesting that they are transcribed separately.
To summarize, our observations imply that pnp and nlpI form a transcriptionally linked Ku-0059436 chemical structure region, followed by deaD, and that all three genes individually contribute to cold acclimatization in S. Typhimurium. Furthermore, our results showed that apart from dedicated gene regulatory circuits and chaperones, cold acclimatization in S. Typhimurium also significantly relies on an outer membrane protein NlpI. This study was supported by the Swedish Medical Research Council. S.F.R is a PhD fellow from IRTG 1273 funded by the German
Research Foundation, and N.A. is a PhD fellow of HEC, Pakistan. “
“Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, a soil-borne plant-pathogenic bacterium, is exposed to multiple stresses in the environment and during interaction Bioactive Compound Library price with a host plant. The roles of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-protective genes (katA, katG, and ahpC) and a peroxide sensor/transcription regulator (oxyR) in the viability of X. campestris pv. campestris at an elevated temperature were evaluated. The single katA and katG mutants showed moderate decreased survival after the heat treatment, while the double katA-katG
and oxyR mutants were the most vulnerable to the heat treatment compared with a wild-type strain. However, ahpC provided learn more no protective function against the heat treatment. Flow cytometric analysis revealed an increased accumulation of peroxide in cells treated with heat. Altogether, the data revealed a crucial role of genes in the H2O2 detoxification system for protection against lethal heat shock in X. campestris pv. campestris. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is a Gram-negative, aerobic bacterium and a causative agent of black rot disease in economically important crops worldwide. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is commonly introduced into crop fields via planting using infected soil or seeds (Sally et al., 1996). The ability to survive in a hostile environment is critical for X. campestris pv. campestris and heat stress is one of the harmful conditions to which the bacterium is exposed, especially in tropical regions. During the dry season in Thailand, for example, the temperature of the bare soil averages 40–43 °C at a 12-cm depth, while the soil surface temperature averages >50 °C (Grange, 2001). The mechanisms responsible for heat resistance in X. campestris pv. campestris are not well understood. In Escherichia coli, the heat shock response involves a rapid induction of an array of heat shock proteins, including DnaK, DnaJ, GrpE, GroEL, GroES, ClpB, and ATP-dependent proteases (Lund, 2001).