We administered verbal, nonverbal, and reading tasks to determine factors precipitating seizures. Linguistic characteristics of the words were manipulated. Results indicated that reading-induced seizures were significantly more Selleck BMS-754807 numerous than those observed during verbal and nonverbal tasks. In reading tasks, spike frequency significantly increased with involvement of the phonological reading route. Spikes were recorded predominantly in left parasagittal regions. Future cerebral imaging studies will enable us to visualize the spatial localization and temporal course of reading-induced seizures and brain

activity involved in reading. A better understanding of reading epilepsy is crucial for reading rehabilitation in these patients. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Extreme heat during certain days of the summer renders pigs susceptible to severe heat stress, which negatively affects their growth Quisinostat performance. We hypothesized that such heat stress impaired the small intestinal mucosa, a site responsible for nutrient absorption. To simulate heat stress, Chinese experimental mini-pigs were treated with 5 h of continual 40 degrees C temperature each day for 10 d in succession. Pigs were killed at 1, 3, 6 and 10 d after treatment, and small intestinal epithelia were sampled for histochemical examination and biochemical

analyses. The duodenum and jejunum were seriously damaged within 3 d of initiation of treatment. Subsequent study of the process of jejunum recovery showed that the initiation of recovery

started within 6 d following heat stress. Such damage was associated with the downregulation Tipifarnib chemical structure of epithelial growth factor signaling. In conclusion, heat stress induced short-term damage to the epithelium of porcine intestine. Because the intestinal epithelium is crucial for nutrient uptake, such damage should partially account for the impairment of growth performance of pigs under heat stress.”
“The influence of external magnetic fields on the bending vibration of a one-side clamped iron filled carbon nanotube (CNT) has been analyzed theoretically and experimentally, with particular consideration given to the changes in the resonance frequency. The model involves the application of a modified Euler-Bernoulli-beam to analyze the zero field oscillatory behavior, as well as a magnetostatic approach used to determine the influence of any external field distributions. The experiments were conducted in situ in a scanning electron microscope. The measured magnetic moment of the nanowire at room temperature was mu = 2.1 x 10(-14) Am(2). Due to the favorable geometry of the CNT oscillator, the raw signal obtained using this approach is significantly more favorable than that with state of the art cantilever magnetometry.