U ml penicillin, and 1 ug ml puromycin at 37 C, under 5 % CO2. Cells with knockdown ref 1 of autophagy related Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries gene 5 or overexpression of green fluorescence protein microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3, Lentiviral vector with an insert for short hairpin RNA targeting mouse ATG 5 was pro vided by the National RNAi Core Facility Platform in Academia Sinica, Taiwan. The accession number of the mouse ATG 5 gene is NM 053069. The control lenti virus and the virus to produce mouse ATG 5 targeting shRNA were made by the RNAi core lab at the Clinical Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hos pital, Tainan, Taiwan. Lentivirus was used to infect mouse NIH 3T3 cells using polybrene. Cells with integrated genes were selected using 4 ug ml puromycin.

To establish cell lines with stable expression of GFP LC3, control NIH 3T3 cells and NIH 3T3 cells over expressing IRS 1 were transfected using GFP LC3 plasmids gifted by Dr. Noboru Mizushima. Follow ing transfection with Lipofectamine 2000 for 48 h, positive stable clones were selected by cultur ing cells with G418 for 2 Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries weeks while being maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10 % FBS, 100 ug ml streptomycin, 100 U ml penicillin, and 200 ug ml G418 at 37 C, under 5 % CO2. Detection of intracellular reactive oxygen species induced by glucose oxidase To investigate the influence of chronic exposure to oxi dative stress Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries on autophagy, we used a GO glucose sys tem as a source of intracellular ROS. Adding GO to the culture medium provides a continuous supply of ROS, and the system is thus a suitable model for studying chronic exposure of cells to ROS.

The amount of intracellular ROS in the cytosolic fraction was measured using an OxiSelect Intracellular ROS Assay Kit. Cell Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries viability and proliferation assay A trypan blue dye exclusion assay was used to examine cell viability. Cells were collected by trypsini zation, washed once with phosphate buffered saline, and suspended in 0. 2 % trypan blue solution. Nonviable cells stained with a blue color due to loss of membrane integrity, viable cells excluded the dye and remained unstained. The percentage of dead cells was calculated. Cell proliferation was measured quantitatively by add ing 10 % alamarBlue to the culture medium, according to the manufacturers instructions.

The reduced form of alamarBlue, an indicator of cell proliferation, Carfilzomib was measured using a fluorescence plate reader especially with exci tation and emission wavelengths of 570 nm and 600 nm, respectively. Flow cytometry All cells, including floating and adherent cells, were har vested, washed with PBS, suspended in 1 ml of PBS, and then fixed by adding 3 ml of 100 % ethanol that was cooled to ?20 C in advance. Then, the cells were stored overnight at 4 C. The cells were washed with PBS and stained with propidium iodide Triton X 100 solu tion for 3 h on ice and in darkness. DNA content was determined by flow cytometry using a FACSCalibur cytometer. The percentage of sub G1 DNA was analyzed by gating on cel