This figure is based on a minimum of 104 years of record keeping. During sampling after Tropical Storm Irene (September 4th, 2011), the discharge varied from 1870 to 2050 cfs during the period of sampling (10 am–5 pm), well above the long-term average (Fig. 2). This corresponds to flow-duration percentile value of 20.26% based on over 36,000 data points of daily average discharge measurements. While well below flood stage, these ICG-001 values represent the near peak values in

discharge (∼1990 cfs) during the storm ∼4× greater than discharge volumes typical for this time of year and this sampling event is taken to approximate high flow conditions. The May–August records for 2012 (Supplemental Table 5) prior to the baseflow sampling event indicate that both Massena and Saranac Lake rainfall totals were lower than average by 3.19 and 5.18 in., respectively, in agreement with the low discharge values measured in the Raquette River at Piercefield during this period. Daily records for August 2012 (Supplemental Table 4) indicate that very little rain fell in Saranac Lake or Massena from the 18th of August until the sampling date of August 27th, 2012. An exception is 0.17 in. of rain that fell on August 23rd in Massena. This lack of precipitation occurred in addition to what was a very dry spring and summer and, as noted above, the summer rainfall Epacadostat ic50 total was several inches below normal at both

locations (Supplemental Table 5). The mean daily discharge for USGS gauging station at Piercefield, New York on August 27th, 2011 was 568 cfs (Fig. 2). The mean discharge Branched chain aminotransferase above is based on a minimum of 104 years of record keeping. The discharge recorded at the gauging station on August 27, 2012 ranged between 140 and 120 cfs during our sampling trip that occurred between 11 am and 6 pm on that day. Compared to a long-term discharge average (568 cfs) this represents very low flow in agreement with precipitation records

summarized above and drought conditions noted that summer (Fig. 2). This corresponds to a flow-duration percentile value of 98.65% based on over 36,000 data points of daily average discharge measurements. Thus sampling on August 27th, 2012 is taken to approximate baseflow conditions within the Raquette River drainage basin. Of the 69 elements (Supplemental Tables 4a and 4b) routinely reported during standard ICP-MS analysis of dilute natural waters only Al, Ba, Ca, Cl, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Nd, Rb, Si, Sr, Y, and Zn were detected at all seventeen sampling locations during at least one of the two sampling events (Fig. 3; Table 1; Supplemental Table 6). Some of the lower solubility trivalent cations (e.g. REE3+, Al3+, Fe3+; Taylor and McLennan, 1985) were not detected any of the baseflow sample locations, but were detected in all of the stormflow samples. For example iron, although detected in all stormflow samples, was found above the detection limit of (10 ppb) in only twelve water samples collected during baseflow conditions.