Then, all the specimens were ultrasonically (Bransonic 1510, Branson Ultrasonics Corp., Danbury, CN, USA) cleaned and polished using abrasive paper. Five Cu foil specimens were polished

using abrasive papers with 180, 240, 400, 800, and 1,000 grit, respectively. The other category specimens were coated Cu thin films on Cu foil through electrochemical deposition in the electrochemical cell containing 0.4 M copper sulfate pentahydrate and sulfuric acid (adjusting to desired pH 2) aqueous solution EX 527 molecular weight at a current speed of 15 mA/cm2 for 60 min. The temperature of the bath was maintained at room temperature. The surface state of the unpolished Cu foil, polished Cu foil, and Cu film specimens was measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JSM-7000FK, JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, Japan), and the surface roughness was also analyzed. Meanwhile, the surface stress of all the specimens was measured using the X-ray sin2ψ method by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Afterwards, Ni catalyst was manually daubed on the surface of specimens as the shape of islands with a diameter of around 2 to 3 mm and thickness of 1 mm approximately.

The nickel catalyst selleck used in this experiment was a high-temperature resistance electrically conductive coating material (service temperature of 538°C, Pyro-DuctTM 598-C, Aremco, Inc., Valley Cottage, NY, USA). Specimens were then heated by a ceramic heater in air atmosphere under the humidity of 55% to 75% at the temperatures of 120°C and 240°C for 1, 2, and 3 h, respectively. After the selleck chemical heating process, morphologies filipin of FGLNAs grown on the specimens were characterized by SEM, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and XRD. Results and discussion As shown in Figure 1, the FGLNAs grow on the unpolished Cu foil, polished Cu foil, and Cu film substrates after heating at 120°C and 240°C for

2 h. The size of FGLNAs is 3.5 to 12 μm, and the width of their petals is 50 to 950 nm. A heating temperature of 120°C leads to generate flower-like architectures and 240°C leads to generate grass-like architectures. The different heating temperatures induce different stress migration and oxidation speeds, thereby leading to different structures of FGLNAs. It has been confirmed experimentally that there was no FGLNA growth when the experimental conditions were changed to vacuum environment, without catalyst or under the humidity lower than 55% or higher than 75%, respectively. Therefore, it is thought that besides temperature, oxygen atmosphere, catalyst, and humidity were three essential conditions for the growth of FGLNAs. Figure 1 SEM images of flower-like and grass-like architectures. Flower-like architectures grown on (a) unpolished Cu foil specimen, (b) Cu foil specimen polished using a 400-grit abrasive paper, and (c) Cu film specimen heated at 120°C for 2 h, respectively.