The wound that results from scale removal closes within two hours [10]. This is an important notion as it confirms that gene expression and enzymatic activity reported here is not from inflammatory cells, but exclusively from scale cells. The in situ hybridisation study revealed both mono- and multinucleated cells expressing mmp-9 transcripts. To provide a better picture of the nature of these cells, scales were stained for plasma membranes and TRAcP. Doublestaining for TRAcP and MMP-9 shows that these two osteoclasts markers are usually co-expressed. This is found

for both the marginal and episquamal cells and defines these positive cells as osteoclasts. Indeed, mononucleated osteoclasts have been described in other thin zebrafish skeletal elements [26]. Inside the multinucleated aggregates, we did not see plasma membranes which prove that they are indeed multinucleated osteoclasts. They were Alectinib in vivo found on both find more ontogenetic and regenerating scales. Our finding of mono- and multinucleated osteoclasts, expressing both MMP-9 and TRAcP, provides further insight into the process

of scale regeneration [9] and [10]. This is significant because TRAcP is considered to be a marker for osteoclasts able to resorb bone, as judged from “resorption pits” seen next to these cells. The expression of mmp-9 that we have found in marginal cells of ontogenetic scales is possibly related to the normal growth of scales that continues throughout the fish’s growth. The irregular distribution of positive cells along the margins of ontogenetic scales shows that growth does not take place along the entire margin at the same time but is probably confined to different spots. Another explanation for these cells could be that they repair the normal wear-and-tear of individual

scales. Cells expressing mmp-9 transcripts are also found along the radii, where most areas of scale resorption Etofibrate are found. The hypothesis that radii are primary sites of calcium and phosphorus recruitment is supported by the presence of blood vessels above the radii enabling transport of those minerals [3]. Since we found no staining of cells on the hyposquamal surface, it is reasonable to conclude that hyposquamal scleroblasts, which have osteoblast-like characteristics [19], do not express mmp-9. Both in situ hybridisation and quantitative PCR show that mmp genes are significantly up-regulated in regenerating scales from day 4 onwards. Interestingly, on early regenerating scales (2 days), only a few, mononucleated mmp-9 positive cells are present on the new scale. At this point in regeneration, the first collagen matrix is deposited and has just started to mineralise (de Vrieze, unpublished data). There are no marginal mmp-9 positive cells during early regeneration, likely due the complete new-formation of the scale. The increase in mmp-2 and mmp-9 expression is at its maximum around day 5.