Ten copies of intact IS232A elements of the IS21 family were identified in YBT-1520. In our YBT-1520 genome dataset, one copy of IS232A was invaded by B.th.I3 nested IS231C (Table 3), which was the only IS element inserted by another IS. IS232 is considered to be exclusive to B. thuringiensis and could, therefore, possibly be used as a specific marker for this bacterium in former studies (Leonard et al., 1997). An overall Afatinib view of ISs content in the published B. cereus group genomes and further blast search of GenBank support the hypothesis that IS232 cannot be found even in noninsecticidal B. thuringiensis. Five IS elements were assigned to the IS3 family in YBT-1520 including six copies of ISBce14,

five copies of ISBth167, one copy of ISBce19 and two newly named ISs – ISBth8 and ISBth10 (Table 2). Four copies of ISBth8 have identical imperfect IRs and the Tpase showed the highest identity (70%) to

ISLtaq1 of Thermus aquaticus. There is a leucine zipper motif in ISBth8 as for ISLtaq1, which may show the DNA-binding ability to recognize the IRs. ISBth10 was found in six copies showing the highest amino acid sequence identity (76%) to ISBce18 of B. cereus ATCC 14579. IS3 family sequences are widely distributed in these finished B. cereus group genomes, except for B. anthracis (Table 4). Two IS elements were identified as belonging to the IS110 family without IRs in YBT-1520: ISBth166 and ISBth13 (Table 2). ISBth166 was first identified in a plasmid of B. thuringiensis ssp. tenebrionis YBT-1765 (Huang et al., 2006). Clustering of eight identical copies of ISBth166 showed a 347 bp noncoding region Selleck Navitoclax upstream of the Tpase. Further blast search revealed two molecular markers of Btk, J3-350 (GenBank ID: EU016189) and J1-220 (GenBank ID: EU016191) Resveratrol (Shrinivas et al., 2008), located in the Tpase and the upstream noncoding region, respectively. This set of DNA markers was developed, which successfully identifies Btk when screened

against other Bacillus species and subspecies, in order to investigate the environmental persistence and ecological fate of Btk (Shrinivas et al., 2008). ISBth13 is a newly named IS element found in four identical copies and the Tpase shows the highest identity (42%) to ISCth7 of Clostridium thermocellum. Both ISBth166 and ISBth13 possess a DEDD catalytic tetrad rather than the classical DDE motif in their N-terminal regions that correspond to those in Piv proteins (Mahillon & Chandler, 1998; Buchner et al., 2005). Neither the ISBth166 nor the ISBth13 homolog can be found in the 18 B. cereus group genomes. Nevertheless, 13 genomes possess an IS110 family IS sharing more than 92% amino acid sequence identity to each other (Fig. S1), which was found adjacent to a resolvase upstream. These IS elements (e.g. YP_037389 in B. thuringiensis ssp. konkukian 97-27) are present in phylogenetically B. anthracis-related stains (Rasko et al., 2005) as well as in B. cereus ssp.