TBI has been called the “signature injury” for these wars, much as shell shock was during World War I. And the same policy issues concerning provision of pensions and health care for veterans are the subject of concern and debate, and they are informed by the same controversy about “physical” vs “emotional” injuries; these have been the subject of three Institute of Medicine reports written to clarify diagnostic, treatment, and compensation

issues.17-19 What is PTSD? And how is it related to TBI? There are still no easy answers to these Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical questions. This issue of Dialogues in Clinical Neurosdence makes a significant and useful contribution to addressing them. It males it clear that the disorders have many overlapping Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical features, both symptomatically and biologically. It highlights the progress that has been made in understanding the underlying biology of both disorders by using the tools of neuroscience and neuroimaging. And this progress makes it clear that the old polarity between physical vs emotional underpinnings for PTSD is an antiquated way of thinking that is no longer useful in the 21st century Whatever PTSD is, it is a disorder that cannot be dismissed as purely psychological or a refuge for malingerers. As this issue illustrates, psychological trauma has neurobiological effects, and these effects can now be visualized and Ku-0059436 nmr measured

in the living brain. To some Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical extent, the legacy of the World War I controversy has finally been resolved.
Post-traumatic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder where patients are haunted by their traumatic memories. For a patient with PTSD, it is as if time has stopped. It could be 10, 20 (or even more) years after the exposure, yet he/she is still there, reliving,

re-experiencing, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and retraumatized by the event which changed his or her life so dramatically. What is a traumatic event which could lead to PTSD? In DSM-IV, such an event was defined as “an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others.”1 However, as such a description might leave too much room for different interpretations, the intention in DSM-5 is to tighten this up somewhat. One suggestion is to specify that the event involves death, serious physical injury, or sexual violation (either actual or threatened), and that this exposure takes almost the form of a personal experience, first-hand witnessing of the event as it occurred to others, learning of the event as it occurred to a close friend or relative, or repeated exposure to the event as it occurred to others (such as to police officers or paramedics repeatedly exposed to the traumatic experiences of others). An important part of the definition of PTSD is the time requirement – at least a month following the trauma – which means that one cannot diagnose PTSD during the first month after the exposure.