Such colloids 1|]# can also be obtained from commercial suppliers, and they can be deposited over large areas with very good uniformity, however these colloids are comparatively small and the earlier study of silver nanowires clearly suggested that the size of the radiating particle plays a critical role. Additionally, the literature clearly shows that silver is a better choice of metal for fluorescence amplification than gold, due to its fortuitous frequency dependence of its complex dielectric constant. These two ideas have been brought together by using Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries silver-coated gold colloids in o
Ocean-color measurements from low-earth-orbiting satellites have proven to be a very important Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries source of information about the global ocean.

Of particular interest has been the concentration of chlorophyll-a in the upper ocean.

This is a measure of the primary productivity of the upper layer, upon which most life in the sea depends.The satellite instruments have problems for certain applications. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries One is that they cannot see the sea surface through clouds. Many of the most productive ocean regions Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries are at high latitudes, where cloud cover is very common. The other is that the spatial resolution is too coarse to get good data very close to the shore. These coastal areas are also often very productive regions.Ocean-color sensors on low-flying aircraft offer a way to fill in these gaps in the coverage from the satellite instruments.

Before these data can be used in this way, atmospheric corrections must be applied that are different from those used to correct the satellite data.

The most obvious difference is the case where the aircraft is flying beneath clouds, and the illumination of the ocean is the diffuse illumination Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries from the bottom of the cloud. The satellite instruments never Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries make measurements under these illumination conditions.Several authors have considered airborne measurements of ocean color with various atmospheric corrections. Guzzi, et al [1] used a clear sky atmospheric radiative transfer model and used the results with flights at altitudes of 1500 m and above. Zibordi et al [2] used a similar model, but flew as low as 150 m, which is closer to the altitudes of interest here.

Harding et al Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries [3] reported on the results of an extensive series of flights, but sun-glint removal was the only atmospheric correction used.

Krottov and Vasilkov [4] considered Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Brefeldin_A the effects of an off-nadir, polarized radiance sensor to minimize surface reflection effects. They directly showed an increase in performance, but the azimuth angle between the receiver pointing direction and the sun becomes important. The receiver must track changes Entinostat in aircraft heading and is more complex. Lavender and Nagur [5] flew at altitudes these of 1500 m and 3000 m, and applied corrections for molecular scattering and aerosol scattering.Lazin, et al [6] flew at altitudes of 150 and 300 m and in both clear and overcast conditions.