Response options ranged from none (1) to a lot (4; Johnston et al., 2010). Higher scores represent more peer pressure to smoke. Parent Smoking To assess whether first adults in adolescents�� lives smoked, adolescents were asked, ��During the past 12 months, do you think your parents or someone who takes care of you has tried cigarettes?�� This question was dummy coded with yes (1) and no (0). Parent Communication About the Dangers of Using Drugs One question asked adolescents to rate the frequency with which they had talked with their parents or another caregiver in the past twelve months about the dangers of using drugs. The response options ranged from ��none (1) to many times (4), and higher scores represent more parent�Cchild communication about the dangers of youth using drugs.

Parental Monitoring Youth were asked seven questions to assess the extent to which parents monitor their children��s activities. The variables were adapted from Paterson and Capaldi (1998) and have been used by other substance use researchers (Chilcoat & Anthony, 1996). Sample questions included ��How often would your mom/dad or guardian know if you came home an hour late on weekends?�� and ��How often, before you go out, do you tell your mom/dad or guardian when you will be back?�� Response categories were all of the time (1), most times (2), sometimes (3), hardly ever (4), and never (5). After reverse scoring corresponding items, scores were added up. Higher scores represent more parental monitoring (Cronbach��s �� = .67).

Parental Control An eight-item measure was used to measure youth involvement in decision making about adolescent issues (Brody, Moore, & Glei, 1994). Adolescents were asked to indicate how decisions were made in their family in regards to a list of statements, including ��How late you can stay up on school nights,�� ��Which friends you can spend time with,�� and ��How you dress.�� The response options were My parent(s) decide (1), My parent(s) after discussing it with me (2), We decide together (3), I decide after discussing it with my parents (4), and I decide by myself (5). Scores were reverse coded and added with higher scores representing more parental control (Cronbach��s �� = .66).

School Prevention of Cigarette Smoking To measure students�� perception of school prevention of cigarette smoking, adolescents were asked the following question: ��In your present school, how vigorous are the teachers and administrators in their attempts to prevent students from smoking?�� Response options AV-951 ranged from not at all (1) to very rigorous (5), with higher scores representing more school prevention. Cigarette Ads Exposure Encouraging Cigarette Use To assess exposure to cigarette ads that encourage cigarette use, adolescents were asked to rate the frequency with which they had seen commercials on TV or heard commercials on the radio that encouraged them to buy cigarettes.