The negative control in the experiment was SDW. Incubation of all treatments occurred at a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius and a humidity level of 80-85%. Three times, the experiment utilized five caps and five tissues each time, all of young A. bisporus. Inoculated caps and tissues exhibited brown blotches across all surfaces after a 24-hour inoculation period. Within 48 hours, the inoculated caps darkened to a rich, dark brown shade, while the infected tissues underwent a color shift from brown to black, expanding across the entire tissue block and creating an extremely decayed appearance coupled with a foul odor. The indicators of this disease displayed similarities with those of the original specimens. No lesions were observed within the control group. Morphological characteristics, 16S rRNA sequence analyses, and biochemical results, following the pathogenicity test, were used to confirm re-isolation of the pathogen from infected tissues and caps, thus demonstrating adherence to Koch's postulates. The genus Arthrobacter comprises several species. The environment is home to a broad range of these entities (Kim et al., 2008). Two studies performed to date have identified Arthrobacter spp. as a disease-causing organism in edible fungi (Bessette, 1984; Wang et al., 2019). Remarkably, this study documents the initial occurrence of Ar. woluwensis as the causative agent of brown blotch disease within the A. bisporus species, illustrating the intricacies of fungal pathogenesis. Our research provides a foundation for the development of novel phytosanitary and disease management strategies related to this ailment.

Polygonatum cyrtonema, a cultivated form of Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute, plays a significant role as a cash crop in China (Chen, J., et al. 2021). During the period from 2021 to 2022, a disease incidence of 30% to 45% was noted in Wanzhou District (30°38′1″N, 108°42′27″E) of Chongqing, where P. cyrtonema leaves exhibited symptoms resembling gray mold. The period between April and June saw the emergence of symptoms, subsequently followed by a 39% or greater incidence of leaf infection from July to September. Beginning with irregular brown patches, the affliction progressed along leaf edges, tips, and stems. Medical utilization Under conditions of low moisture, the diseased tissue displayed a withered, slender appearance, a light brownish color, and developed into dry, cracked formations as the disease advanced. High relative humidity fostered the development of water-soaked decay on infected leaves, marked by a brown streak bordering the affected area, and the subsequent appearance of a gray fungal layer. To identify the etiological agent, a collection of eight typical diseased leaves was made. Leaf fragments (35 mm) were prepared by chopping the leaf tissues. A surface sterilization process involved immersing the fragments for one minute in 70% ethanol and five minutes in 3% sodium hypochlorite, followed by three rinses with sterile water. These samples were subsequently placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with streptomycin sulfate (50 g/ml) and incubated at 25°C in the dark for three days. Six colonies possessing a similar morphology and size (3.5 to 4 centimeters in diameter) were subsequently moved to new, sterile agar plates. At the outset of isolate cultivation, the hyphal colonies were characterized by a dense, white, clustered growth pattern, radiating outwards. Twenty-one days after initiation, the medium's lower layer displayed embedded sclerotia, changing color from brown to black, with dimensions fluctuating between 23 and 58 millimeters in diameter. Confirmation of the six colonies' species yielded the result: Botrytis sp. The JSON schema provides a list of sentences, in return. On the conidiophores, the conidia were attached in a branched design, forming grape-like groupings. The length of the straight conidiophores ranged from 150 to 500 micrometers. Single-celled, elongated ellipsoidal or oval-shaped conidia, without septa, measured 75 to 20 or 35 to 14 micrometers (n=50). The molecular identification process began with the DNA extraction from representative strains 4-2 and 1-5. Using primers ITS1/ITS4 for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, RPB2for/RPB2rev for the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) sequences, and HSP60for/HSP60rev for the heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60) genes, these regions were amplified, respectively, in accordance with the procedures of White T.J., et al. (1990) and Staats, M., et al. (2005). The GenBank repository held the sequences from groups 4-2 (ITS, OM655229 RPB2, OM960678 HSP60, OM960679) and 1-5 (ITS, OQ160236 RPB2, OQ164790 HSP60, OQ164791). Selleck 4-Chloro-DL-phenylalanine A 100% similarity was observed between the sequences of isolates 4-2 and 1-5 and the B. deweyae CBS 134649/ MK-2013 ex-type sequences (ITS: HG7995381, RPB2: HG7995181, HSP60: HG7995191). This, combined with phylogenetic analysis of multi-locus alignments, confirmed strains 4-2 and 1-5 as members of the B. deweyae species. Isolate 4-2, in conjunction with Koch's postulates, was employed by Gradmann, C. (2014) to verify whether B. deweyae could cause gray mold on the P. cyrtonema. P. cyrtonema leaves, potted, were washed in sterile water and then brushed with 10 mL of hyphal tissue suspended in 55% glycerin. Ten milliliters of 55% glycerin served as a control for the leaves of another plant, and Kochs' postulates experiments were executed three times in the lab. A chamber, regulated to maintain a relative humidity of 80% and a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius, housed the inoculated plants. Upon the seventh day after inoculation, symptoms of the malady, identical to those seen in the field, manifested on the leaves of the treated plants; however, no such symptoms appeared in the control group. B. deweyae, identified via multi-locus phylogenetic analysis, was re-isolated from inoculated plants. To the best of our knowledge, B. deweyae is primarily associated with Hemerocallis plants and is hypothesized to be an important contributor to 'spring sickness' symptoms (Grant-Downton, R.T., et al. 2014). This is the initial report of B. deweyae causing gray mold on P. cyrtonema in China. Despite B. deweyae's restricted host range, its potential to threaten P. cyrtonema cannot be dismissed. Future preventative and therapeutic measures for the disease will be established through this work.

Globally, China leads in pear (Pyrus L.) cultivation, with the largest area dedicated to pears and the highest yield, as per Jia et al. (2021). In the month of June 2022, the 'Huanghua' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai variety) showed the presence of brown spot symptoms. Huanghua leaves are present in the germplasm garden of the Anhui Agricultural University's High Tech Agricultural Garden, in Hefei, Anhui, China. The disease incidence among 300 leaves (50 leaves per plant, sampled from 6 plants) was approximately 40%. Initially, round to oval, small, brown lesions appeared on the leaves; the centers of the spots were gray, while brown-to-black margins surrounded them. These rapidly expanding spots ultimately led to an abnormal shedding of leaves. To isolate the brown spot pathogen, symptomatic leaves were collected, rinsed with sterile water, sanitized with 75% ethanol for 20 seconds, and then thoroughly rinsed multiple times with sterile water. For the purpose of isolating microorganisms, leaf fragments were deposited onto PDA growth medium, kept at a temperature of 25°C, and allowed to incubate for seven days. The colonies' aerial mycelium, following a seven-day incubation period, showed a coloration varying from white to pale gray and attained a diameter of sixty-two millimeters. Conidiogenous cells, specifically phialides, displayed a shape that varied from doliform to ampulliform. Conidia displayed shapes and sizes that varied from subglobose to oval or obtuse, featuring thin walls, aseptate hyphae, and a smooth surface. Their measurements revealed a diameter ranging from 31 to 55 meters and 42 to 79 meters. The observed morphologies displayed similarities to Nothophoma quercina, as previously documented (Bai et al., 2016; Kazerooni et al., 2021). Using primers ITS1/ITS4, Bt2a/Bt2b, and ACT-512F/ACT-783R, the internal transcribed spacers (ITS), beta-tubulin (TUB2), and actin (ACT) regions, respectively, were amplified in the course of the molecular analysis. GenBank's repository now includes the ITS, TUB2, and ACT sequences, identified by accession numbers OP554217, OP595395, and OP595396, respectively. Primers and Probes The nucleotide blast search showed a high level of similarity with N. quercina sequences, notably MH635156 (ITS 541/541, 100%), MW6720361 (TUB2 343/346, 99%), and FJ4269141 (ACT 242/262, 92%). ITS, TUB2, and ACT sequences were used to generate a phylogenetic tree using the neighbor-joining method in MEGA-X software, revealing the highest degree of similarity with N. quercina. To confirm the infectious nature, a suspension of 10^6 conidia per milliliter was sprayed onto the leaves of three healthy plants, while control leaves received only sterile water. Plastic sheeting enveloped the inoculated plants, which were cultivated in a controlled environment chamber (90% relative humidity) at 25°C. On inoculated leaves, the typical disease symptoms developed between seven and ten days, while no such symptoms were observed on the control leaves. The diseased leaves, consistent with Koch's postulates, yielded the same pathogen upon re-isolation. In light of morphological and phylogenetic tree analyses, we support the conclusion that *N. quercina* fungus causes brown spot disease, consistent with the work of Chen et al. (2015) and Jiao et al. (2017). As far as we are aware, this constitutes the initial account of brown spot disease caused by N. quercina on 'Huanghua' pear leaves in China's agricultural sector.

Lycopersicon esculentum var. cherry tomatoes, renowned for their sweet and tangy profile, are often used in salads and sandwiches. Hainan Province, China, predominantly cultivates cerasiforme tomatoes, highly valued for their nutritional benefits and characteristic sweetness (Zheng et al., 2020). Leaf spot disease was seen on the cherry tomatoes (Qianxi variety) in Chengmai, Hainan Province, throughout the period from October 2020 to February 2021.