Rats were randomized and grouped based on paw swelling and clinical score before treatment. Animals were treated with anti-NAP GPCR Compound Library cost mAb intraperitoneally at a dose of 0·3 mg/kg body weight, twice weekly for 4 weeks. Simultaneously, another test group of animals received DMRD-sulphasalazine (0·4 mg/kg body weight). Negative and positive control groups of animals received 100 μl saline. After arthritis induction, rats were monitored periodically before and after treatment for clinical parameters such as paw thickness, oedema, degree of redness and flexibility of joints, and arthritis score was assigned from 1 to 4, based on the severity of paw inflammation (Table 1). The paw volume

was measured daily. Radiographs of inflamed joints were taken after the induction

of arthritis and at the end of the study using the Meditronics X-ray analyser (Mumbai, India). Zero to three subjective grading systems were then used to evaluate different parameters, including degree of soft tissue swelling selleck kinase inhibitor and bone erosion. The radiological score referred to the sum of the subjective scores for each of the above parameters. Concentration of VEGF and NAP were quantified as described earlier by us [23]. Serum samples collected from rats were coated on an ELISA plate using coating buffer at 4°C overnight. Subsequently, wells were incubated with the chosen antibodies using either anti-VEGF antibody or NAP antibody. Wells were washed, followed by incubation with secondary antibodies tagged to alkaline phosphatase (Genei,

Bangalore, India) and developed with 100 μl of p-nitrophenyl phosphate solution. The optical density at 405 nm was measured in a Medispec ELISA reader (Winooski, VT, USA). The VEGF or NAP concentration in the synovial fluid was calculated based on the standard curve. Synovium tissue from rats was processed as reported elsewhere [24]. In brief, tissues were paraffin-blocked and 3-μm-thick sections were prepared, fixed and stained using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). All sections were randomized and evaluated by a trained blinded observer unaware of the clinical status of the animals or the treatment received in order to evaluate the arthritis severity. Sections were immunostatined with anti-VEGF, anti-CD31 and anti-Flt1 antibodies. An ImmunoCruz staining system was used for diaminobenzidene (DAB) staining, according to the manufacturer’s Methane monooxygenase recommendations (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Coverslips were mounted on slides and sealed for microscopy. Labelled cells were imaged on a Carl Zeiss fluorescence microscope, (AX10.Imager.A2, Berlin, Germany) with an attached charged coupled device (CCD) camera. Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation (s.d.) were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (anova) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) to compare control and treated groups; P < 0·05 were considered to be statistically significant. All statistical analysis was performed using spss statistical software version 13.0.