Moreover we must consider that EUS can not define distant metastases,

it is still not universally available and highly operator dependent. So spiral CT or better MDHCT must today be the initial study of choice in patients with a suspected pancreatic lesion. Current role of EUS in pancreatic cancer diagnosis Starting from the above mentioned concepts we will propose a diagnostic algorithm in case of a suspected PC, trying to place EUS in shareable Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and evidence-based positions inside this algorithm. As already mentioned, in case of a clinical suspicion of PC, the initial study should be performed with a spiral or Ganetespib msds multidetector CT: if there is a PC with distant (hepatic for instance) metastases, there is Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical no place for EUS. CT scan can be negative for pancreatic pathology: in this case we must search for other causes accounting for patient’s symptoms, but if the suspicion of pancreatic disease remains strong we must proceed to EUS: if endosonography depicts a pancreatic lesion, we can biopsy it (EUS-FNA) or just refer the patient to the surgeon or propose a follow-up of the detected lesion, if EUS diagnosis leans towards a benign process. If pancreatic EUS is negative we can reasonably Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical exclude a pancreatic disease. This is why EUS is the test with the best negative predictive value for the pancreas that approaches 100% (19). Second scenario:

the CT scan shows some doubtful pancreatic changes or inconclusive imaging such as small (<2 cm) masses, fullness, enlargement or prominence of the gland. The clinical significance of these

indeterminate CT findings is not established, however in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a clinical setting with a proper suspicion of PC they are very worrisome. Also in this case EUS is indicated and again we can Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical rely on its high negative predictive value (20), with the possibility of real-time EUS-guided FNA that has been demonstrated useful for overcome EUS specificity problems in the differential diagnosis between malignancy and inflammation (20,21). Third scenario: CT imaging is positive for PC. selleck screening library Contrast-enhanced MDHCT is highly accurate for the assessment of PC staging and resectability (22) and we can be facing a resectable tumor or not. In the first case the patient can go straight to surgery, even Drug_discovery if some authors, in order to most reliably identify patients who might really benefit from major surgical intervention, recommend EUS to be performed as second staging modality (10,23). A cost minimization analysis strengthened the sequential strategy, MDHCT followed by EUS, in potentially resectable cancers (22). If both methods confirm resectability the patient is referred to the surgeon and there is general agreement between experts and literature that FNA is not necessary for resectable cancers.