Information on project status and the strains to be sequenced can be found at http://www.jcvi.org. Clones representative of each of the three major North American/European lineages have a number of phenotypic differences while interacting with host cells and/or the host itself [reviewed in (14)]. Recombination maps for F1 progeny derived from crosses between members of the Toxoplasma clonotypes I, II and III have allowed these traits to be mapped using forward genetics and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. Because QTLs tend to be quite large, methods to choose candidate genes from potentially hundreds

of genes that are spanned by the relevant Lumacaftor markers are crucial. Studies using these methods that led to the identification of key effector proteins such as ROP18 (15,16) and ROP16 (17) have been reviewed elsewhere [e.g. (18,19)]. More recent studies

using this approach will be reviewed here. Building on the QTL analyses first described in Saeij et al. (16) that led to the identification selleckchem of ROP18 as a key virulence gene, Reese et al. (20) identified another rhoptry protein, (ROP5) as a primary candidate for a QTL on chromosome XII. When this gene, which encodes a catalytically inactive kinase that is a close homologue of ROP18, was knocked out in a type I strain (a derivative of RH), it dramatically attenuated virulence, such that injection of 1 × 106 tachyzoites into a mouse was nonlethal (compared with the parent for which infection with a single parasite is lethal in the mouse). Interestingly, in strain ME49, the ROP5 gene was found to be adjacent to a break in genomic assembly (i.e. a scaffold break), which commonly occurs in repetitive regions of the

genome. Using a variety of approaches including estimating sequence coverage in raw shotgun read sequences and direct cloning, it was found that each strain had greater than four copies of ROP5 and that each strain also had a different number of copies. In each lineage, these copies PAK6 were found to fit roughly into three clades, and full complementation of the virulence phenotype in ROP5 knockouts was only possible when the knockout strain was complemented with at least two distinct ROP5 isoforms. Similarly, the ROP5 locus was found to make a significant contribution to virulence in progeny derived from a cross between a type I and a type II strain, confirming that it is the type I and type III alleles at this locus that contribute positively to virulence (21) These data exemplify that existing genomic assemblies and annotations are constantly evolving and that a variety of datasets (i.e. genome assemblies, annotations and raw sequence read data) can, and in certain cases, must, be used to verify gene predictions. Rosowski et al.