In MS, two studies consistently demonstrated that demyelinization located in the temporal lobe

were more common in patients selleck products developing psychosis.90,91 Contrary to what could be expected, frontal location is not very likely to be associated with psychosis. It is more frequently accompanied by depression in MS,92 but also in WM dementia (eg, in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical leukoencephalopathy [CADASIL]).93,94 This could be a reminder of the hypothesis that links frontal lobe hypofunction to the psychomotor retardation shared by depression and schizophrenia.95 Lesions may be located within the cortex, in the subcortical region, or around the ventricles. Subcortical lesions would preferentially affect U-fibers connecting

adjacent Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cortex, while deeper lesions would disturb long-range connections. In MLD, it has been proposed that cortical demyelinization could explain the high rate of psychosis observed in this disease.96 Against such a proposal, it is worth remembering that cortical involvement could Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical also be seen in MS, where it mainly provokes seizures without reported psychosis.97 Seizures also appear in the evolution of MLD, but after several years of psychosis. In MS, seizures are not associated with the occurrence of psychosis. Thus, cortex might not be the primary site for provoking psychosis. Lastly, MLD, like MS, mainly affects long-range connections while sparing U -fibers connecting adjacent areas.98 A personal observation also makes us favor long-distance connection as a primary site for psychosis. The patient, a 45-year-old woman, had undergone, 15 years before presentation, irradiation for a low-grade glioma in the left inferior temporal lobe. She developed a postradiation leukoencephalopathy, mainly affecting Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the arcuate fasciculus Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas. She was admitted for continuous verbal hallucinations in the form

of the voice of a child speaking behind her, on her right side. She was so convinced of the existence of the child that she sometimes shouted at “him” during the examination, telling “him” to “shut up.” The symptoms quickly resolved with 5 mg of haloperidol. This clinical vignette fits in well with trait and state functional studies of hallucinations, whatever all showing a reduction in functional connectivity between Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas.44-46 Moreover, in one study of white matter in schizophrenic patients, fibers seemed to be less well oriented in the arcuate fasciculus of hallucinating patients compared with controls. However, non-hallucinating patients presented with even worse orientation indices, which does not support our view (fractional anisotropy using DTI99). Do white matter diseases also reproduce other features of schizophrenia? Although psychosis is a characteristic feature of schizophrenia, it is not specific and not isolated. One of the other features is disorganization.