If a difference was reported (participants marked “yes”), then they were asked to indicate click here how and whether the difference

was positive or negative or both positive negative. For example, to assess symptoms broadly the question stated: “Very broadly, have you noticed a difference in ADHD symptomology when your child is regularly involved in PA and/or organized community/school sports? If yes, please describe these differences. Are they positive or negative?” The same question format was used for symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and academics to create a total of five questions. For the purposes of this study, regular PA was defined as “activity that causes rapid breathing and fast heart beat for 30 consecutive minutes or more at least three times per week.” This definition of regular PA was derived from the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (PAQ-C),20 Participants were asked to indicate whether or not their child participated in regular PA by checking yes or no to this question. The study was approved by the University’s Institutional Review Board.

Frequencies and percentages of the participants’ responses to the survey items can be found in Table 1. If they answered yes to any of the five questions, selleck products they were asked to describe whether the effects of PA were positive or negative and to offer any details regarding the impact of PA. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests

were conducted to determine whether the responses were equally distributed. A chi-square goodness-of-fit test revealed that the yes and no responses were not equally distributed with a significantly greater number of participants reporting that PA impacted symptoms broadly in some else way (X2 (1, n = 68) = 5.88, p < 0.05). When asked to indicate whether the effects were positive, a significantly higher percentage (54.4%) reported positive effects of PA (X2 (2, n = 37) = 51.05, p < 0.05) than negative (4.4%), both positive and negative (7.4%), or no (33.8%) effects. An example of responses from parents who thought there were only positive effects is: “He’s calmer, less agitated. It wears him out. This is positive.” “Definitely positive—much happier, more positive–great interaction with peers.” “More focused, less anxious, better appetite, not as short of a fuse toward frustration, able to sleep better.” An example of a response from a participant who reported negative effects of PA is: “Sometimes gets really loud and out of hand. Gets into peoples’ spaces and is really clumsy.” Additionally, participants reported both positive and negative effects with statements such as “Hyperactivity decreases a little after intense exercise. Impulsivity remains high.”" A chi-square goodness-of-fit test revealed that the yes and no responses were not equally distributed with a significantly greater proportion of participants (68.