However, the probability of such events is rather high: there are previous records in a similar semi-enclosed system of higher DA concentrations, up to 6.55 μg g− 1, being measured in shellfish

tissue, and which had been preceded by Pseudo-nitzschia blooms ( Ujević et al. 2010). The presence of another potentially toxin-producing phytoplankton species, the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum ( Fig. 8f) has also been noted. The identity of the species has been confirmed by morphological selleck screening library examination of the flagellar pore complex ( Monti et al. 2010). Since this is a red-tide species, known for its regular formation of summer blooms in the eutrophic areas in the Adriatic, we cannot rule out the potential occurrence of biomass peaks of this species in Boka Kotorska Bay. The discovery of potentially toxic phytoplankton species such as

P. pseudodelicatissima and P. minimum point to the importance of more intensive research into and BKM120 the monitoring of potential blooms of harmful algae occurring in the area, as these will affect active shellfish farming activities. We are grateful to P. Wassmann and B. Ćosović, NCPWB project leaders, and also to the other project participants (J. Dautović, S. Strmečki, Z. Zovko, N. Malovrazić), who helped with the fieldwork and laboratory analyses, and to M. Ahel for the laboratory HPLC analysis. S. B. is also extremely grateful to Zlata Barbić (INA, Zagreb) for her help with the use of SEM, to Lucija Horvat (IRB, Zagreb)

Dichloromethane dehalogenase for her help with TEM, and to Diana Sarno (SZN Naples) for her valuable suggestions on phytoplankton taxonomy. We also wish to express our gratitude to two anonymous referees who provided valuable comments on the manuscript. “
“Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasingly becoming a global problem for human health, fisheries and the aquatic environment (Anderson 1997). Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada ex Hara & Chihara, a member of the Raphidophyceae, is one of the main bloom-forming phytoplankters. H. akashiwo causes brown or purplish red tide blooms in temperate to subtropical eutrophic coastal waters worldwide ( Livingston, 2007, Kempton et al., 2008, Shikata et al., 2008 and Rensel et al., 2010). Considered an ichthyotoxic alga ( Yang et al. 1995, Khan et al. 1996, Tomas et al. 2001), it has caused severe fish mortality with significant damage to the mariculture economy in several countries ( Tiffany et al., 2001 and Kempton et al., 2008). Although the exact killing mechanisms are somewhat unclear, there are several toxicity mechanisms in raphidophytes, including the production of brevetoxin-like compounds ( Khan et al. 1997), reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide ( Yang et al., 1995, Oda et al.