Ground reaction forces (GRFs) (mediolateral (ML), anteroposterior (AP) components, vertical (V)) were recorded. Results analysis enabled us to extract some spatiotemporal data for each component of the GRF (number of GRF oscillations, variability and impulses). Young dancers are characterized, compared to adult dancers, by an instability combined with an increase of oscillations number and a decrease variability mainly visible
on the ML component. In the two groups, the absence of vision implies an increase of AP, ML and V impulsions and GRF variability. Balance with the gesturing https://www.selleckchem.com/products/GDC-0941.html limb to the click here rear increases the age and vision effect compared to balances with the limb forward or to the side. Young dancers are less efficient at controlling their balance than adult dancers. This observation may be related to the number of hours practicing dance, which differs
between groups. The dancers have a visual dependence to control the postural balance. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Excitotoxicity and/or microglial reactivity might underlie neurologic dysfunction in HIV patients. The HIV regulatory protein Tat is both neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory, suggesting that Tat might participate in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). PF-6463922 datasheet The present study was undertaken to evaluate if Tat can increase extracellular glutamate, and was specifically designed to determine the degree to which, and the mechanisms by which Tat could drive microglial glutamate release. Data show that application of Tat to cultured primary microglia caused dose-dependent increases in extracellular glutamate that were exacerbated by morphine, which is known to worsen Tat cytotoxicity. Tat-induced glutamate release was decreased by inhibitors of p38 and p42/44 MAPK, and
by inhibitors of NADPH oxidase and the x(c)(-) cystine-glutamate antiporter. Furthermore. Tat increased expression of the catalytic subunit of x(c)(-) (xCT), but Tat-induced increases in xCT mRNA were not affected by inhibition of NADPH oxidase or x(c)(-) activity. Together, these data describe a specific and biologically significant signaling component of the microglial response to Tat, and suggest that excitotoxic neuropathology associated with HIV infection might originate in part with Tat-induced activation of microglial glutamate release. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The aim of the present study is to find the neural features of the impact of induced negative emotion on brand extension.