Furthermore, we found that BEAS-2B cells cultured in a medium containing serum show biological responses that are very similar to those of normal human bronchial epithelial cells, as determined by comparison with HBEpCs. These results reveal the importance of appropriate usage of cell lines and culture conditions when performing
safety assessment of nanomaterials for humans in vitro. It is necessary to determine not only the pharmacokinetics of the nanomaterial but also the mechanism of its cellular internalization. The authors declare that they have no competing financial or non-financial interests. We thank the staff of check details the Division of Instrumental Analysis in the Research Center for Human and Environmental Sciences of Shinshu University for their help. This research was supported by the Regional Innovation Cluster Program (the second stage) of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan; by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 19002007 and 24241045, Japan; by the Research and Development of Nanodevices for Practical Utilization of
Nanotechnology of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Japan; and by Japan Regional Innovation Strategy program by the Excellence of the Japan Science and Technology Agency, Adaptable and Seamless Technology Transfer Program through Target-driven R&D, Japan Science and Technology Agency, and Hospital-company collaboration support project for developing/improving problem-solving-type medical equipment by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan. “
“The need for in vitro cell systems as alternatives to animal models for toxicological selleck inhibitor testing is increasing in response to new
regulations, such as the EU 7th Amendment Directive ( European Commission, 2003), and to ethical considerations like the 3Rs principle ( Schechtman, 2002). Due to their relative homogeneity and ability to be maintained in culture indefinitely, established cell lines have been one of the preferred cell systems employed in the development and validation of in vitro toxicology assays. Most continuous cell lines, however, have been derived from malignant or transformed tissue and fail to replicate the physiology and morphology of normal cells. Historically, hepatic cell lines have been thoroughly oxyclozanide characterized, as they are the prime systems used for drug metabolism and toxicity testing in pre-clinical development ( Guguen-Guillouzo and Guillouzo, 2010 and Brandon et al., 2003). For instance, the hepatoma cell line HepG2 lacks normal metabolic activity and has been engineered to express hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (CYP3A4, CYP2E1) to study in vitro drug hepatotoxicity caused by compounds such as paracetamol ( Yoshitomi et al., 2001). CYP3A4 and CYP2E1 catalyze the transformation of paracetamol into a highly reactive metabolite responsible for the tissue specific toxicity of the drug.