F. (2002). A self-replicating ligase ribozyme. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA

99:12733–12740. Robertson, M. P. and Ellington, A. D. (1999). In vitro selection of an allosteric ribozyme PXD101 solubility dmso that transduces analytes into amplicons. Nature Biotechnol. 17:62– 66. Rogers, J. and Joyce, G. F. (2001). The effect of cytidine on the structure and function of an RNA ligase ribozyme. RNA 7:395–404. E-mail: gjoyce@scripps.​edu Cosmochemical Evolution and the Origins of Life: A Tribute to Joan Oró Sandra Pizzarello Arizona State University, Tempe AZ 85287–1604 USA Joan (John) Oró was an enthusiastic and eclectic exobiologist who, since the early days of the discipline, promoted the idea of cosmochemical evolution as a possible precursor to terrestrial life (Oró, 1961). The idea also made him a pioneer in meteoritic studies, as he recognized the importance of natural sample analyses towards the understanding and modeling of life’s origins. This lecture in his honor will tell of new types of meteorites and the advances that their analyses have brought to our knowledge of prebiotic extraterrestrial

chemistry. Carbonaceous meteorites provide a detailed record of the organic materials that can be synthesized in abiotic environments. These have been shown to be complex and to have structures as varied as kerogen-like macromolecules and simpler soluble compounds, e.g., amino acids and hydrocarbons (Pizzarello et al., 2006). Meteorite organics display an overall molecular and isotopic diversity that points to synthetic pathways in a variety of SB203580 clinical trial chemical regimes, such as exothermic reactions in the cold, hydrogen fractionating interstellar gas phase and aqueous reactions in asteroidal parent bodies. Within this diversity, some meteoritic compounds have been found to be identical to biomolecules, with some of the amino acids displaying the biochemical trait of chiral asymmetry. This, in turn, has suggested that their delivery to the early Earth might have contributed to terrestrial molecular evolution (Pizzarello, 2006). Yet, so far, the study of meteorites has been hindered by the fact that the carbonaceous types are few

in recorded falls (only 18 in the last two centuries), are often lost or irreparably altered after their fall and Morin Hydrate that their soluble organic content degrades with terrestrial exposure (Cronin et al., 1980). This fate may be spared to the stones recovered in Antarctica, where in-falling meteorites are quickly covered by snow, buried within the ice and resurface only when the flowing ice sheets end-up against the obstacle of a mountain. Owing to this unique shelter of the glaciers, American and Japanese scientific expeditions have found here a large number of carbonaceous meteorites, some of which are unspoiled. We will report on the organic composition of two pristine Antarctic meteorites belonging to the Renazzo-type group.