Extracts collected from different blooms as well as different parts of world may contain also other components of cyanotoxins, having different profiles of toxicity. O. niloticus was susceptible to genotoxicity of an extract of Microcystis collected in a water FK866 chemical structure bloom during the dry season. Induction of micronucleated cells was observed only at higher concentration through body exposure. No micronucleus increases were found with treatments

via ip. According to Gaudin et al. (2008), genotoxicity caused by MCs could be variable in different organs of mice, such as blood, liver, kidney, colon and intestine, and it also depends on the administration route. Apoptosis-necrosis analysis to study cell viability and mode of cell death induced by toxins using double fluorescent stain is rapid, repeatable and easy to perform. Brockmann et al. (2006) showed that apoptosis PI3K inhibitor starts at much lower concentrations than cytotoxic concentrations when cells are exposed to genotoxic compounds. Intraperitoneal injection is an inappropriate route for fish models in genotoxicity studies, although normally, ip injections give a more precise exposure level to the studied toxins and show a better response than

aquatic exposure. Our results showed differences in genotoxicity comparing ip injection with body exposure. Ip injection induced comets, but not MN. Thus, we should be more conservative in the evaluation of MC’s genotoxicity due to an uncommon route of exposure.

In this case, the ip injection was probably very toxic, causing inhibition of cell divisions, so that micronuclei were not observed. On the other hand, comets followed by ip injection were found because these did not need cell divisions. The comet assay has been successfully applied in laboratory and field conditions as a non-specific, sensitive, rapid and economical biomarker for detection of genetic damage in natural biota ( Jha, 2008). This author suggested also that comet assay is capable of detecting oxidized DNA bases in fish exposed to environmental contaminants. Our results are in accordance with this purpose. Otherwise, we should Celecoxib also consider that the tested crude cyanobacterial extract can contain other components, besides MCs. Induction of comet cells occurred probably due to DNA strand breaks caused by oxidative stress induced by MCs. Exposure of cells to genotoxic compounds induces apoptosis by a mechanism that is initiated by DNA damage. In contrast, necrosis can be started by non-specific external stimuli, such as ischemia, trauma, infection, cell membrane break or any kind of cell disruption. Our data showed that a microcystic extract, when in low concentrations, could activate cellular oxidative stress, causing genotoxicity, as proposed by many authors and cited above.