Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Prism adaptation (PA) has been shown to affect performance on a variety Ipatasertib cell line of spatial tasks in healthy individuals and neglect patients. However, little is still known about the mechanisms through which PA affects spatial cognition. In the present study we tested the effect of PA on the perceptual-attentional “”where”" and motor-intentional “”aiming”" spatial systems in healthy individuals. Eighty-four participants performed a line bisection task presented on a computer screen under normal or right-left reversed viewing conditions, which allows for the fractionation of

“”where”" and “”aiming”" bias components (Schwartz et al., 1997). The task was performed before and after a short period of AP26113 in vitro visuomotor adaptation either to left- or right-shifting prisms, or control goggles fitted with

plain glass lenses. Participants demonstrated initial leftward “”where”" and “”aiming”" biases, consistent with previous research. Adaptation to left-shifting prisms reduced the leftward motor-intentional “”aiming”" bias. By contrast, the “”aiming”" bias was unaffected by adaptation to the right-shifting prisms or control goggles. The leftward “”where”" bias was also reduced, but this reduction was independent of the direction of the prismatic shift. These results mirror recent findings in neglect patients, who showed a selective amelioration of right motor-intentional “”aiming”" bias after right prism exposure (Fortis et al., 2009; C.L. Striemer &J. Danckert, 2010). Thus, these findings indicate that prism adaptation primarily affects the motor-intentional “”aiming”" system in both healthy individuals and neglect Copanlisib concentration patients, and further suggest that improvement in neglect patients after PA may be related to changes in the aiming spatial system. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Endothelial cells (ECs) are constantly exposed to blood flow-induced shear forces in the vessels and this is a major determinant of endothelial function. Ion channels have a major role in endothelial function and in the control of vascular tone. We hypothesized that shear

force is a general regulator of ion channel expression, which will have profound effects on endothelial function. We examined this hypothesis using large-scale quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Human coronary artery ECs were exposed to two levels of flow-induced shear stress for 24 h, while control cells were grown under static conditions. The expression of ion channel subunits was compared between control and flow-adapted cells. We used primers against 55 ion channel and exchanger subunits and were able to detect 54 subunits. Five dyn/cm(2) of shear induced downregulation of 1 (NCX1) and upregulation of 18 subunits, including K(Ca)2.2, K(Ca)2.3, CX37, K(v)1.5 and HCN2. Fifteen dyn/cm(2) of shear stress induced the expression of 30 ion channel subunits, including K(Ca)2.3, K(Ca)2.2, CX37, K(ir)2.3 and K(Ca)3.1.