Conclusion:  These results support the hypothesis that cAMP not localized to a specific signaling pathway can activate EPACs which inhibit ATP release via activation of PKC and suggest a novel role for EPACs in erythrocytes. “
“Please cite this paper as: de Boer, Meijer, Wijnstok, Jonk, Houben, Stehouwer, Smulders, Eringa and Serné (2012). Microvascular Dysfunction: A Potential Mechanism in the Pathogenesis of Obesity-associated Insulin Resistance and Hypertension. Microcirculation 19(1), 5–18. The intertwined epidemics of obesity and related disorders such as hypertension, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and subsequent cardiovascular disease

pose a major public health challenge. To meet this challenge, we must understand the interplay between adipose tissue INCB024360 solubility dmso and the vasculature. Microvascular dysfunction is important not only in the development of obesity-related target-organ damage but also in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and insulin resistance. The present review examines the role of microvascular dysfunction as an explanation for the associations among

obesity, hypertension, and impaired insulin-mediated glucose disposal. We also discuss communicative pathways from adipose tissue to the microcirculation. The global epidemic of obesity is paralleled by a catastrophic Selleck Acalabrutinib increase in the prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases. Obesity has been implicated in the rising prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, a cluster of risk factors including, hypertension, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, which confer an increased

risk for type Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II 2 diabetes and CVD [36]. Although this is well recognized, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The microcirculation is generally taken to include vessels of less than ∼150 μm in diameter; that is, the smallest arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and venules. A primary function of the microcirculation is to optimize nutrient and oxygen supply within the tissue in response to variations in demand. Adequate perfusion via the microcirculatory network is essential for the integrity of tissue and organ function. In addition, it is at the level of the microcirculation that a substantial proportion of the drop in hydrostatic pressure occurs. The microcirculation is therefore extremely important in determining overall peripheral vascular resistance. Obesity-associated microvascular dysfunction is hypothesized to explain part of the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors, predisposing obese subjects to CVD [100]. Microvascular dysfunction, by affecting both flow resistance and tissue perfusion, seems important not only in the development of obesity-related target-organ damage in the heart and kidney but also in the development of hypertension and insulin resistance [6,14,69,100]. We will discuss the role of microvascular dysfunction as an explanation for the associations among obesity, hypertension, and impaired insulin-mediated glucose disposal.