Based on this case study, none of the metrics are yet ready to be used per se as operational metrics to quantify and interpret the impact of disturbances on the ecosystem’s trophic state. Trophic efficiency appeared to be sensitive to external pressures. However, the mean
trophic efficiency of the system might not be sufficient to draw conclusions about the trophic efficiency of the ecosystem: trophic efficiency should be observed at the trophic level in order to better understand cascading effects within food webs.”
“BACKGROUND: Endoscopy screening in high-risk populations may reduce gastric cancer mortality by detecting cancer earlier. We evaluated the association between the interval between upper gastrointestinal endoscopies and the gastric cancer stage at diagnosis in patients from a region of high prevalence. METHODS: The study cohort consisted of 2485 patients diagnosed with gastric adenocarcinoma. We learn more evaluated the effect on cancer stage of the interval between the endoscopy that was diagnostic for gastric cancer and the endoscopy
preceding it. Patients were stratified into 7 groups: 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, >5-year intervals and those who were never screened. RESULTS: The risk of higher cancer stage at diagnosis increased by 23% per increase in interval length (odds ratio = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19-1.28). Compared to the never-screened, the odds ratio of having a higher stage of cancer decreased gradually from 0.53 (95% CI = 0.41-0.69) in the >5-year interval group to 0.31 (95% CI = 0.24-0.40) in the 1-year interval group. Compared to the 1-year interval group, selleck compound the risk of advanced gastric cancer was Repotrectinib increased in the 4- and 5-year, but not the 2- and 3-year, interval groups. However, patients with a family history of gastric cancer were more likely to have a higher stage at diagnosis
if they had a 3-year interval rather than a 1-year interval. CONCLUSIONS: A significant benefit in cancer stage at diagnosis was observed in all interval groups compared to never-screened. Endoscopy intervals of 3 years or less showed similar benefits, but family members of gastric cancer patients may benefit from intervals of under 3 years. Cancer 2012;118:4953-60. (C) 2012 American Cancer Society.”
“Mutation of human GRN, the gene encoding the secreted glycoprotein progranulin, results in a form of frontotemporal lobar degeneration that is characterized by the presence of ubiquitinated inclusions containing phosphorylated and cleaved fragments of the transactivation response element DNA-binding protein-43. This has stimulated interest in understanding the role of progranulin in the central nervous system, and in particular, how this relates to neurodegeneration. Progranulin has many roles outside the brain, including regulation of cellular proliferation, survival, and migration, in cancer, including cancers of the brain, in wound repair, and inflammation.