As reported, the pair of primers (799f and 1492r) would not amplify chloroplast 16S rRNA

from 41 plants and mitochondrial 18S rRNA of six Chlorophyta plants. In this study, we obtained only one band approximately 700 bp of bacterial 16S rRNA fragments using this pair of primers. This demonstrated that the primers 799f and 1492r could specifically amplify the endophytic bacterial Roxadustat clinical trial 16S rRNA fragments and could not amplify mitochondrial 18S rRNA in reed roots; thus, it was suitable for use in the study of reed root endophytic bacteria. Proteobacteria were the most dominant group in our clone library and all five classes were detected, which was consistent with other studies (Chelius & Triplett, 2001; Sun et al., 2008). In the most abundant subgroup of Alphaproteobacteria, 10 clones were assigned to Pleomorphomonas oryzae and Pleomorphomonas koreensis, both nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Xie & Yokota, 2005; Im et al., 2006); nine clones were related find more to A. picis, which was also identified as a nitrogen fixer (Peng et al., 2006). Other Azospirillum species have been isolated from roots of numerous wild and cultivated grasses, cereals,

food crops, and soils, and proved to be capable of enhancing the growth of plants through the production of phytohormones (Bashan & Holguin, 1997) and supplying nitrogen to their host plants (Dobereiner, 1980; Okon, 1985). Another dominant subgroup was observed in the Gammaproteobacteria. A majority of the clones were highly similar to Aeromonas bivalvium 868E, which was originally isolated from bivalve mollusks (Minana-Galbis et al., 2007) and was a primary Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 or an opportunistic pathogen in invertebrates and vertebrates including humans (Martin-Carnahan & Joseph, 2005). It was also demonstrated to be capable of reducing nitrate (NO3−) to nitrite (NO2−) and producing indole from tryptophan (Minana-Galbis et al., 2007). A number of sequences were very similar to bacteria in genera Beggiatoa, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, and Dickeya. According

to previous reports, species in Beggiatoa can use NO3− anaerobically as an alternative electron acceptor in place of O2 and can perform anaerobic H2S oxidation with NO3− (Kamp et al., 2006). Thus, they have a significant impact on the aquatic nitrogen and sulfur cycles. Pseudomonads are also often found in contaminated aquifers, because they are able to use a large number of substances as energy or carbon sources and can often tolerate toxic compounds (Moore et al., 2006). Some strains of Enterobacter are reported to have the ability to fix nitrogen or display antagonistic activity to phytopathogens (Hallmann et al., 1997; Tsuda et al., 2001); they have also been shown to use phytate and play an important role in phosphorus cycling (Fuentes et al., 2009).