Appl learn more Phys Lett 2011, 98:172106.CrossRef 13. Krajewski TA, Luka G, Giereltowska S, Zakrzewski AJ, Smertenko PS, Kruszewski P, Wachnicki L, Witkowski BS, Lusakowska E, Jakiela R, Godlewski M, Guziewicz E: Hafnium dioxide as a passivating layer and diffusive barrier in ZnO/Ag Schottky junctions obtained by atomic layer deposition. Appl Phys Lett 2011, 98:263502.CrossRef 14. Liu ZH, Kobayashi M, Paul BC, Bao ZN, Nishi Y: Contact engineering for organic semiconductor devices via Fermi level depinning at the metal-organic interface. Phys Rev B 2010, 82:035311.CrossRef 15. Tung R: Formation of an electric dipole at metal–semiconductor
interfaces. Phys Rev B 2001, 64:205310.CrossRef 16. Kita K, Toriumi A: Intrinsic origin of electric dipoles formed at high-k/SiO 2 interface. In Technical Digest – International Electron Devices Meeting. Piscataway: IEEE; 2008:1–4. 17. Wagner CD: Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Eden Prairie: Physical Electronics Division, Perkin-Elmer Corporation; 1979. 18. Li HF, Dimitrijev S, Sweatman D, Harrison HB, Tanner P, Feil B: Investigation of nitric oxide and Ar AZD1480 solubility dmso annealed SiO 2 /SiC interfaces by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J Appl Phys 1999, 86:4316.CrossRef 19. Őnneby C, Pantano CG: Silicon oxycarbide formation on SiC surfaces and at the SiC/SiO 2 interface. J Vac Sci Technol A 1997,
15:1597.CrossRef 20. Schroder D: Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization. 3rd edition. Hoboken: Wiley; 2006. Competing interests The authors declare
that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions SZ carried out the sample fabrication and drafted the manuscript. WY carried out the device measurements. PZ and HL participated in the manuscript writing and results discussion. QS and DZ participated in the design of the study and performed Resveratrol the statistical analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background An epitope or antigenic determinant is the core part of antigen involved in the recognition with an antibody. After antigens, containing numerous epitopes, are recognized by the human immunological system, B lymphocytes will synthesize and secrete miscellaneous antibodies targeting different epitopes to mediate further immunological process. Nowadays, there are many methods that are used to investigate and confirm antigen epitopes, for example, proteolytic cleavage of antigen-monoclonal antibody complexes, proteolytic or chemical cleavage fragment method, Western blotting, PEPSCAN method, chemical modification or mutation analyses, chemosynthesis of peptide, surface display of peptide libraries and random fragment expression libraries, X-ray crystallographic assay and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy assay, and so on [1]. However, most of these methods are complicated, difficult to perform, or of low efficiency.