Thus, with the exception of this latter group, the antibody isotype patterns suggest that a mixed Th1/Th2 type immune response had been elicited against recNcPDI. Serological reactivity against the Nc. extract showed the following characteristics (Figure 4): (i) total IgG (as well as IgG1 and IgG2a) levels taken prior to challenge were generally low in all groups; (ii) Selleck Z IETD FMK following Neospora challenge, all mice elicited a significantly increased (P < 0·05) total IgG response against the Nc. extract antigens; (iii) after challenge infection, most groups responded with a significant increase in both IgG1 and IgG2a levels, the exception being the group vaccinated intranasally with recNcPDI

associated with chitosan/alginate

nanoparticles (1PDI-Alg-CT), with which IgG2a CDK activity levels did not increase significantly (Figure 4b). Overall, these results were once again showing evidence for a mixed Th1/Th2 type immune response in the majority of animals. Cytokine transcript levels in spleen of all mice were assessed by real-time PCR at the time-point of euthanasia (Figure 5). This analysis demonstrated that in the control group 1 (SAP) and the experimental groups 2–6 vaccinated i.p., IL-4 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) transcription occurred at similar levels. There was a slight reduction in the IL-4 transcripts found in the two groups receiving only nanogels with SAP (Alg-SAP and Man-SAP) compared to the SAP alone control (SAP). In contrast to the IL-4 and IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-12 transcription was increased in all vaccinated groups compared to the SAP controls. In the groups vaccinated i.n., all groups, including the cholera toxin control group (CT), showed an IL-10 and IL-12 transcription, which was higher than that obtained with the SAP control group receiving saponin intraperitoneally. Interestingly, it was noted that the IL-10 : IL-12 ratios tended to favour the IL-10

transcripts oxyclozanide in the groups receiving CT alone and recNcPDI antigen plus CT. With the antigen formulated in nanogels, this ratio was closer to equivalence or favoured IL-12, especially when the mannosylated nanogels were employed. The latter modification of the IL-10 : IL-12 ratio appeared to be dependent on the nanogels, considering that the nanogels without antigen showed a similar profile to the nanogels carrying the recNcPDI antigen. As for the IL-4 transcripts, these were notably reduced in all mice vaccinated with nanogel formulations, particularly the mannosylated nanogels, compared to the CT control group and the group receiving the lower dose of recNcPDI antigen. An efficient vaccine against neosporosis in cattle should sufficiently stimulate humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to prevent tachyzoite proliferation, tissue cyst formation, recrudescence and transplacental transmission to the foetus (10,13).