Given the suggestion that anaerobic respiration is important for symbiotic V. fischeri (Proctor & Gunsalus, 2000), and the fact that FNR can contribute to virulence factor production and/or colonization by

pathogens (Baltes et al., 2005; Bartolini et al., 2006; Fink et al., 2007; Zigha et al., 2007), we hypothesized that fnr would play a role in the symbiotic light organ. However, the fnr mutant had no discernable selleck inhibitor attenuation in colonizing E. scolopes during the first 90 h of infection. Vibrio fischeri, like other members of the Vibrionaceae family, is a cosmopolitan member of marine communities that is found in fish gut tracts and sediments where [O2] is low. Future studies may show the ecological relevance of FNR for V. fischeri in such environments outside E. scolopes. We thank Chandra Carpenter and Noreen Lyell for technical assistance. Genomic sequencing of V. fischeri was supported by the W.M. Keck Foundation.

A.N.S. was supported by a University of Georgia Graduate Research Fellowship and a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship. This study was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (CAREER MCB-0347317), the National Institutes of AZD3965 manufacturer Health (RO1 A150661 to Margaret McFall-Ngai), and the Army Research Office (49549LSII). J.L.B. and A.N.S. contributed equally to this work. “
“A key brain site in the control of male sexual behavior is the medial pre-optic area (mPOA) where dopamine stimulates

both D1 and D2 receptor subtypes. Research completed to date in Japanese quail has only utilized systemic injections and therefore much is unknown about Carbohydrate the specific role played by dopamine in the brain and mPOA in particular. The present study investigated the role of D1 and D2 receptors on male sexual behavior by examining how intracerebroventricular injections and microinjections into the mPOA of D1 and D2 agonists and antagonists influenced appetitive and consummatory aspects of sexual behavior in male quail. Experiments 1 and 2 investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular injections at three doses of D1 or D2 agonists and antagonists. The results indicated that D1 receptors facilitated consummatory male sexual behavior, whereas D2 receptors inhibited both appetitive and consummatory behaviors. Experiment 3 examined the effects of the same compounds specifically injected in the mPOA and showed that, in this region, both receptors stimulated male sexual behaviors. Together, these data indicated that the stimulatory action of dopamine in the mPOA may require a combined activation of D1 and D2 receptors.