8%) over a 1-year period. In a 6-month study, Heelon et al. [3] found 73 HAART errors in 41 patients (21% of hospitalized patients with HIV infection), most of which were the result of incomplete regimens. In our study, 21.7% of HIV-infected patients admitted and prescribed antiretroviral therapy had at least one prescription-related problem. These results are similar to those of Rastegar et al. and Heelon et al. The most commonly

observed problems are inappropriate dosage and ICG-001 drug–drug interactions. Mok et al. [4] found that, among 251 prescriptions for antiretroviral agents, the dosage was inappropriate in 57 cases (37 excessive and 20 insufficient), accounting for 32.4% of all detected problems. The lack of an adjustment for renal Pifithrin-�� in vivo insufficiency was also considered an excessive dosage; this happened on 19 occasions. Forty-six drug–drug interactions were identified (26.1% of all detected problems); 36 of the 83 patients included in the review (43.4%) had an incomplete antiretroviral regimen (20.4% of all problems detected). Dosage error was also the most common type of error detected by Rastegar et al. [14] (34 admissions;

16.3%); 18 of these errors were inappropriate dosage adjustment in patients with renal insufficiency. The next most common error was contraindicated combinations (12 admissions; 5.2%), followed by receiving two or fewer antiretroviral agents (eight cases; 3.8%). In seven admissions (3.3%) there was an unexplained delay in continuing HAART. Gray et al. [15] analysed the causes of HIV medication

errors in MEDMARX, a voluntary database reporting many inpatient medication errors. They found that the most common causes of error were inappropriate dosing (38%), followed by incorrect medication (32%). In our study, interactions caused by contraindicated or not recommended drug–drug combinations (33.3%) were slightly higher than in the study by Mok et al. [4]. We found that, in total, dose-related problems (incorrect dose, dose omission, and lack of dose adjustment in patients with renal or hepatic impairment) accounted for 43.3% of all errors. This result is comparable to those of Mok et al. [4] and Gray et al. [15] Risk factors associated with a HAART-related error in our study were similar to those found by Mok et al. [4]: renal impairment, an atazanavir-containing regimen, and admission by a service other than the infectious diseases service. We also found that receiving a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor was a protective factor. There is abundant evidence that antiretroviral drug-related errors on admission are frequent and may be of clinical relevance. Clinical pharmacists with training in HIV pharmacotherapy can play an important role in correcting such errors. They should closely monitor prescriptions to identify problems and resolve them as soon as possible in order to prevent toxicity or drug resistance.