5cm, raised white cell counts and longer duration of symptoms (1). The importance of frozen section intraoperatively has been emphasised to clinch the diagnosis but it may not be always available and

false negative is also possible. In our series, frozen section was not performed in any selleck chemicals llc patients as it was either not available or deemed not necessary by the primary surgeon because of the size of the ulcer and perforation, or if the malignancy was clinically suspected or already diagnosed. These would have supported the decision for gastrectomy regardless of the outcome Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of frozen section. Even when the malignant perforation could be accurately diagnosed, the surgical procedures of choice in these patients are often dependent on various factors. These would include the presence of metastatic disease, expertise of the surgeon in performing an oncologic resection, the degree of contamination and perhaps most importantly, the intra-operative haemodynamic status of the patient. At one Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical stage, malignant gastric perforation has been deemed as terminal disease due to the associated peritoneal

dissemination and early recurrences Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (18)-(20). This had led to the practice of simple closure of the perforation (21),(22). However, this technique has been associated with unacceptable peri-operative complications and hence abandoned. Perhaps this should only be considered when the patient is extremely haemodynamically unstable to withstand

any resection. Over the years, the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical morbidity following emergency gastrectomy has been improving due to improving surgical technique and advancement in critical care (23). This has become the preferred surgical option in patients with malignant gastric perforation. Not only is it able to tackle the perforation, it can also remove the underlying pathology. However, the extent of radical oncologic surgery is perhaps dependent on the aforementioned factors. While it may be dangerous to embark on a major radical oncologic resection, the implications of a limited procedure may seriously impact the long term survival in patients with potentially Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical curable gastric TCL malignancy. This had led to the adoption of a two-stage procedure in handling this perplexing situation (3),(24). While the first stage aimed to tackle the peritoneal contamination and the gastrectomy, the second procedure would be performed at a later date to ensure adequate lymph node clearance. However, the problems of such a staged procedure would include the significant postoperative adhesions from the first surgery, and also the fitness of the patient to withstand another extensive surgery. In addition, this could delay the commencement of any chemo-and radio-therapy, especially if any complications were encountered. Recent data have disproved the notion that gastric perforation often resulted in increased risks of recurrences and peritoneal disease.