, 2004) have been described in language-impaired children and adults. Atypical rightward asymmetry is also described in SLI in the posterior language cortex (Herbert et al., 2005 and Jernigan et al., 1991), including posterior peri-Sylvian areas (Plante, Swisher, Vance, & Rapcsak, 1991) and the planum temporale specifically (Gauger et al., 1997; but see Preis, Jäncke, Schittler, Huang, & Steinmetz, 1998). These studies suggest that abnormal brain development, possibly of a genetic aetiology, results in atypical structural asymmetries

that in turn give rise to abnormal functional organisation. Consistent with this notion, studies of the functional organisation of language in SLI suggest weak language skills are associated with departures from the normal pattern of left-hemisphere specialisation for Palbociclib nmr language. The first studies to investigate this question used

single-photon MDV3100 emission computed tomography (SPECT) to measure regional cerebral blood flow. Three studies measured blood flow at rest and found reduced asymmetry, or hypoperfusion of the left hemisphere, or both in language-impaired children compared to controls (Denays et al., 1989, Lou et al., 1990 and Ors et al., 2005). A further SPECT study used a dichotic listening task to activate language areas, and found less left hemisphere activation in children with language problems compared to controls (Chiron et al., 1999). Two subsequent studies using functional magnetic resonance C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR-7) imaging

(fMRI) did not find convincing lateralisation differences between cases with SLI versus controls, but they used activation tasks that did not give substantial hemispheric differences in the control group (Ellis Weismer et al., 2005 and Hugdahl et al., 2004). One fMRI study used listening to a recording of the mother’s voice to successfully activate the left hemisphere in 10 of 14 controls, and whereas right hemisphere activation was seen in 5 of 6 late talkers over the age of 3 years (Bernal & Altman, 2003). Further evidence of atypical cerebral lateralisation was found by Whitehouse and Bishop (2008), who used functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound to measure lateralised blood flow during a word generation task. They found that either symmetrical responses or right hemisphere bias were significantly more common in adults with persistent language impairment than in controls. There is, then, growing evidence of atypical lateralisation of brain responses in language tasks, but only a handful of relevant studies have been conducted. Also, to our knowledge, none have related abnormal functional organisation to brain structural abnormalities in SLI. An exception is studies of the KE family, where researchers have found related abnormalities in brain structure and function in affected family members (see Vargha-Khadem, Gadian, Copp, & Mishkin, 2005).