These findings suggest that the pituitary gland exhibits ongoing volume changes during the early course of the schizophrenia spectrum as a possible marker of state-related impairments. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is now well known to have a secondary, non-enzymatic function independent of cholinergic BAY 11-7082 transmission. In the last decade, the part of the molecule responsible for this action has been identified, i.e. a 14 amino acid peptide fragment (‘T14′), deriving from the C-terminus of AChE: this peptide has been shown to be

bioactive in a range of preparations and to act at an allosteric site on alpha(7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (alpha(7)-nAChRs). Of particular significance is the finding that AChE-related peptides trigger calcium-induced neurotoxicity that may be pivotal in the process of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s. However to date all studies have Selleck SBI-0206965 been performed on isolated cell preparations. The aim of this study was therefore to characterise the bioactivity of T14 on meso-scale in vitro cortical networks (‘neuronal assemblies’)

from rat brain slices containing orbitofrontal cortex. Local field potential (LFP) recordings showed that the T14 peptide has a selective, holistic action on cortical networks in a modulatory biphasic manner i.e. predisposing excitation at concentrations of up to 1 mu M, after which the trend is reversed in favour of inhibition at higher doses (>1 mu M). By contrast, a scrambled variant of the T14 peptide sequence (S14),

showed no significant changes in neuronal activation. Optical imaging using voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDI) corroborated the electrophysiological findings and also provided further insight into the spatial dynamics tuclazepam of the effects of the peptide: T14 application had a facilitatory effect i.e. increased the time-course of activation at sub-micromolar concentrations only (700 nM) without significantly affecting the spread of evoked assemblies. Moreover: co-applying T14 with the alpha(7)-nAChR competitive antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA) produced inhibition in activation synchrony not seen with either agent on their own, suggesting an additive inhibitory effect. In conclusion, the T14 peptide derived from AChE produced a dose-dependent biphasic modulation of cortical networks activity dependent on the alpha(7)-AChR: these findings should thus provide a more comprehensive insight into the immediate actions of a novel bioactive agent of high potential relevance to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Crown Copyright (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Females develop less age-dependent loss of renal function, which may be in part due to cardiorenal protective effects of estrogens. The impact of androgen level on cardiovascularrenal health is controversial.