In sharp contrast, type I IFN-R engagement with recombinant type I IFN completely

failed to augment NAB2 levels in CAL-1 cells and in primary pDCs (Fig. 1E and Supporting Information Fig. 1A), while TRAIL expression was induced (Fig. 1F). We next assessed the kinetics of NAB2 and TRAIL expression. Wnt mutation NAB2 mRNA was maximally induced at 2–4 h after CpG activation, and preceded TRAIL induction by ∼3 h, with the latter reaching its maximum expression levels at 6–8 h post activation (Fig. 2A and B). As expected, IFN-β mRNA peaked at 2 h post activation and rapidly declined back to basal levels (Fig. 2A). NAB2 expression also preceded TRAIL induction upon TLR7 triggering with Imiquimod, albeit with slower overall kinetics (data not shown). Again, recombinant IFN-β did not induce increased

NAB2 levels at any time point measured, indicating that NAB2 expression is regulated independently of IFN-R signaling (Fig. 2C). Because TLR7/9 triggering resulted in elevated NAB2 levels in pDCs, and because NAB2/EGR molecules mediate the expression of proapoptotic molecules [15-18], we hypothesized that NAB2 may directly modulate TRAIL expression in pDCs. To investigate this, we generated CAL-1-NAB2E51K cells expressing a dominant negative form of NAB2 that interferes with the interaction of endogenous NAB2 with its EGR binding partners [20, 21, 26, 27]. We also generated CAL-1-NAB2 cells expressing wild-type NAB2, and CAL-1-EV cells containing the empty vector. Exogenous NAB2 or Selleckchem Erastin NAB2E51K expression did not affect IFN-β, Erlotinib manufacturer TRAIL, or CD40 expression levels in resting CAL-1 cells (Fig. 3 and Supporting Information Fig. 2A). Upon CpG stimulation, however, NAB2E51K significantly reduced the induction of TRAIL mRNA (Fig. 3A) and protein (Fig. 3C–D) as compared with CAL-1-EV (p = 0.011 and p = 0.005; for mRNA and protein), or with CAL-1-NAB2 cells (p = 0.003 and p = 0.006; resp.). TRAIL levels in CAL-1-NAB2 cells were similar to CAL-1-EV cells (Fig. 3A; p = 0.26), suggesting that the -two- to sevenfold induction

of endogenous NAB2 upon CpG activation (Fig. 1A and C) already sufficed for optimal TRAIL induction. We also observed reduced TRAIL expression in CAL-1-NAB2E51K cells upon TLR7 triggering with Imiquimod (Fig. 3C and E). Importantly, NAB2E51K did not affect IFN-β expression in CpG stimulated CAL-1 cells (Fig. 3B; p = 0.59 and p = 0.73), indicating that NAB2 and type I IFN do not modulate each other. Moreover, interfering with NAB2 did not modulate the overall activation of CAL-1 cells but regulated specific genes, as the expression of CD40 and the production of TNF-α upon CpG stimulation were not affected by the presence of exogenous NAB2 or NAB2E51K (Supporting Information Fig. 2A and B). Likewise, we detected similar protein induction and nuclear translocation of IRF-7 in all three CAL-1 cell variants (Supporting Information Fig. 2C–F).