, 2007). A range of compounds structurally similar to the quorum-sensing molecules produced by P. aeruginosa Alectinib were tested for their inhibitory properties. These were decanol, decanoic acid, octanoic acid, tetradecanol and dodecanol (Sigma-Aldrich). These were solubilized in ethyl acetate containing 0.01% (v/v) glacial acetic acid (Fisher Scientific, UK) to a 1 M stock concentration. All solutions were stored at −20 °C for a maximum of 1 month. Each compound was diluted to 100 mM in MOPS-buffered RPMI and, using the CLSI broth microdilution M28-A assay

(CLSI, 2008), their effect on conidia, biofilm formation and the resultant biomass was evaluated (Mowat et al., 2007). Eight replicates were tested for each compound concentration on three separate occasions with all A. fumigatus strains. For biomass data, an angular transformation

was performed and the transformed data were analysed using one-way anova with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons post-test. P<0.05 was considered significant. The analyses were performed using graphpad prism version 4.0 for Windows (GraphPad Software, CA). When A. fumigatus conidia were exposed to live P. aeruginosa cells overnight, the resultant fungal biomass was significantly reduced to 14.5% (P<0.001) of the untreated controls. Methanol-treated click here P. aeruginosa cells also showed this effect (Fig. fantofarone 1a). Exposure to the P. aeruginosa supernatant resulted in the inhibition of hyphal growth, restricting the biomass to 19.1%. The heat-treated supernatant did not significantly reduce this effect, restricting the biomass to 23.0%. When mature A. fumigatus biofilms were exposed to live P. aeruginosa cells, the fungal biomass was minimally affected (84.8%). SEM analysis revealed individual P. aeruginosa (PA01) cells and microcolonies distributed throughout the intertwined filamentous

networks of the mature A. fumigatus biofilms (Fig. 1b). All nine P. aeruginosa isolates examined showed similar effects. Aspergillus fumigatus conidia were exposed to live cells from two P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing knockout strains: PAO1:ΔLasI (unable to synthesize HSL) and PAO1:ΔLasR (synthesizes HSL, but cannot respond) (Fig. 2). Aspergillus fumigatus growth was significantly greater (P<0.001) during direct coculture with PAO1:ΔLasI (58.3%) and PAO1:ΔLasR (52.6%) in comparison with the wild-type PAO1 (22.9%). When the Transwell® system was used to determine an indirect effect on A. fumigatus biofilm development, the biomass was restricted to 30.1% of the unchallenged control by the wild-type PAO1. In comparison, the levels of inhibition were significantly less than the wild type (P<0.001) during an indirect coculture with PAO1:ΔLasI (58.8%) and PAO1:ΔLasR (56.8%). All the compounds tested reduced the cellular viability of A.