3) and (more rarely) KCNQ3 (chromosome 8q24) have been described in different BFNC families.16-18 Both genes encode channel subunits with identical structures including six transfairly membrane regions (TM), a voltage sensor in TM4, a loop between TM5 and TM6 that builds the ion channel pore, and a long C-terminal region that contains sequence motifs for subunit assembling. So far more than 40 mutations have been reported for KCNQ2 and three for KCNQ3. The BFNC mutations are either missense mutations located in one of the TMs, truncating mutations (nonsense,

insertion/deletions or splice site mutations), Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical or large deletions. The majority of mutations are private, ie, they have not been found in other BFNC families. The ion channel encoded by KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 provides one of the major physical equivalents of the socalled M-current, a potassium current which is known to be a powerful controller of neuronal firing. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical M-currents regulate the frequency with which action potentials are built by opposing sustained membrane Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical depolarization. They have a pivotal role in the stabilization of membrane potentials, and are therefore in a powerful position to control excess neuronal excitability and prevent seizures.19 Given this important role in brain excitability, it is not surprising that BFNC mutations were shown to cause only modest reductions (20 % to 30 %) in potassium currents in reconstitution experiments. Even

such slight alterations of M-channel activity are obviously sufficient to increase seizure susceptibility in affected newborns.20 Only a few KCNQ2 mutations have been identified that, at least in reconstitution experiments, had a dominant Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical negative effect on channel function, ie, reduced the current by more than 50 %. One of these mutations is the R207W amino acid exchange in KCNQ2 that causes both BFNC and myokymia, a spontaneous and repetitive involuntary contraction of muscle fiber groups. In the BFNC/myokymia syndrome the occurrence of both central

and peripheral neurological symptoms Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical might be explained by the Anacetrapib unusual electrophysiological profile of the underlying mutation. The magnitude in loss of current observed for R207W depends strongly on the pattern and time course of depolarization. It is therefore possible that the unusual dominant negative effect of R207W establishes itself only in the peripheral nervous system, causing symptoms like myokymia.21 Infantile convulsion syndromes Benign familial infantile convulsions (BFIC) is an autosomal dominantly inherited partial epilepsy syndrome of early childhood.22 Seizures usually start between months 4 and 6, with remission before the age of 3 years. The partial seizures occur in clusters and usually respond well to antiepileptic drug treatment. BFIC is genetically heterogeneous, and has been linked to loci on chromosomes 1q23, 2q24, 19q, and 16p12-q12 in various families.