However, as one of the predicted carboxypeptidases A (contig 48)

However, as one of the predicted carboxypeptidases A (contig 48) has a predicted GPI-anchor, it is highly probable that the membrane-bound activity is a truly microvillar protein, whereas the soluble ones are released by microapocrine secretion. Six lipases are similar to pancreatic lipases and five are supposed

to be released by microapocrine secretion. One of the pancreatic lipases (contig 379) has a puzzling predicted transmembrane loop. Only one gastric lipase (contig 673) was found in microapocrine vesicles. Except for proteins thought to be part of the secretory machinery and transporters, other predicted proteins that are secreted by microapocrine secretion MLN0128 ic50 are listed in Table 4, in spite of lacking data on signal peptides. Most putative secretory proteins (aminopeptidase, Metformin clinical trial carboxyl esterase, prolyl carboxypeptidase, lipase, and

serine protease) are digestive enzymes with few proteins involved in protection and PM. The ATPases (contigs 435 and 500) are probably coding for proton pumps that acidify the vesicle contents as is usual in secretory vesicles (Alberts et al., 2008). The organic cation transporter (contig 631) may derive from the microvillar membrane, although there is no experimental support for this claim. Predicted proteins that are supposed to be involved in the secretory machinery are listed in Table 2 and Table 4. The predicted proteins calmodulin, annexin, myosin 7a and, gelsolin 1 are not anchored. They might be recovered in the microvillar membrane preparations

because putatively they associate with membranes or with cystoskeleton elements found contaminating the preparations. Calmodulin, annexin, myosin Selleckchem 5-FU 7a, and gelsolin 1 putatively interplay in the microapocrine secretory process of digestive enzymes described in S. frugiperda midgut ( Ferreira et al., 1994, Jordão et al., 1999, Bolognesi et al., 2001 and Ferreira et al., 2007) but further work is necessary to settle this subject. This work was supported by the Brazilian research agencies FAPESP (Temático) and CNPq. We are indebted to W. Caldeira, and M.V. Cruz for technical assistance. W. Silva is a doctoral fellow of CAPES. C. Ferreira and W.R. Terra are staff members of their respective department, research fellows of CNPq, and members of the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular. “
“The juvenile period is a time of intensive nutrient uptake that supports insect growth and transition to adult morphology and metabolism. Food ingestion is specially intense among Lepidoptera as their feeding is mainly restricted to plants, which are a poor sources of nutrients (Dow et al., 1987 and Klowden, 2007). During digestion, nutrients are mobilized by a set of hydrolases (Terra and Ferreira, 2005 and Terra and Ferreira, 1994) and posteriorly absorbed by several transporters (Meleshkevitch et al., 2006 and Meleshkevitch et al., 2009) using the so-called “voltage strategy” (Harvey and Okech, 2010).

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